松萝酸活性作用机理及其物种资源研究概况

Review on bioactivity mechanism and species resources of usnic acid

松萝酸是地衣中分布最广泛、含量最丰富的地衣酸之一,因早期作为抗生素而闻名于世。近20年来,有关松萝酸在抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等方面的活性作用机理不断有新的突破。研究揭示松萝酸主要通过影响细菌生物膜的形成、抑制细菌及病毒RNA和DNA的合成从而达到抑制细菌和病毒的目的,通过诱导肿瘤细胞程序性凋亡及抑制肿瘤细胞DNA的合成等途径,达到杀死肿瘤细胞的效果,并且松萝酸还具有抑制肿瘤细胞迁移的能力。但与此同时,松萝酸作为减肥营养补充剂而引发肝细胞线粒体功能障碍,进而导致肝脏损伤的作用也日益受到了科学界的关注。为更好地把握松萝酸资源研究开发的方向,该文对近20年来松萝酸在抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等活性方面的作用机理及肝脏毒性方面的研究进行了归纳分析。截至目前,松萝酸在隶属于35个属的种里被报道有分布,其中大多数是枝状地衣,其次为叶状地衣,壳状地衣只有个别种里有。该文也对目前已报道的含有松萝酸的属种及有关影响松萝酸含量的环境因子的研究进行了全面的梳理,以期为富含松萝酸的优良种质资源的发掘和开展后续活性作用研究需要面对的松萝酸种质资源问题提供理论帮助。

Usnic acid is one of the most widely distributed and the most abundant compounds in lichens,and is rather well known as the antibiotic in the early stage. Due to its availability and easily isolated from many lichen species,many aspects of biological activity have been discovered. In the past 20 years,research reports on the active mechanism of usnic acid in antibacterial,antiviral,anticancer and other aspects have been keeping up with new breakthroughs. Research revealed usnic acid had antibacterial and antiviral effects by inhibiting biofilm formation of bacteria and synthesis of RNA and DNA,and usnic acid could kill tumor cells by inducing programmed apoptosis and inhibiting synthesis of DNA of tumor cells. Furthermore,usnic acid had an ability of inhibiting tumor cell migration. But usnic acid as nutritional supplements for weight loss was found to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in liver cells that results in liver damage,which has been paid more and more attention in the scientific community. In order to grasp the domestic and external research trends of usnic acid resources development,this paper focuses on a comprehensive analysis on antibacterial,antiviral,anticancer action mechanism and liver toxicity researches of usnic acid around the last two decades. To date,lots of lichen species subordinate to about 35 genera have been found to contain more or less usnic acid,most of these species with usnic acid are fruticose lichens,followed by folicose lichens,only very rare cruticose liches are found to contain usnic acid. Research reports on genera and species resources rich in usnic acid have been sorted out comprehensively,and environmental factors affecting the content of usnic acid have been also summarized in detail in order to provide a theoretical basis for the discovery of potential resources rich in usnic acid and for solving the raw material problem needed for further study of activity.