传统社会巴渝地区的塘堰建设及管理

On Construction and Management of Pond and River Weir in Traditional Society of Chongqing Region from an Ecological Perspective

巴渝地形以山地、丘陵为主,先民因地制宜利用山溪泉水进行多种形式的灌溉,水利设施以塘堰为主。巴渝塘堰始于宋代,明代中叶初兴,大兴于清代康乾时期。巴渝先民因地制宜建设塘堰,西部丘陵大多筑堰引水,东部坪状低山沿梯田层层建塘,积累了深淘滩、低作堰、宽砌底、斜结面等建设经验。传统社会巴渝塘堰的管理以乡规民约为主导,形成了产权清晰、民主自治的管理模式。

As Chongqing is featured by mountains and hills,ancestors there took advantage of mountain streams and springs for various forms of irrigation,adopting ponds(small reservoir in hilly areas)and river weirs as the water conservancy facilities.The pond and river weirs of Chongqing region began in the Song Dynasty,developed in the early Ming Dynasty and flourished during the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong Period in the Qing Dynasty.The ancestors built ponds based on Chongqing's local conditions,drew water from the hills in the west by building weirs and the ponds along the terraced fields in the east.They accumulated the experience of constructing deep shoals,low weirs,wide bases of masonry and inclined surfaces.The management of Chongqing pond and river weirs in traditional society was dominated by folk rules and regulations with a management model of clear property rights and democratic autonomy.