国际视野中的非标准就业与中国背景下的解读——兼论中国非标准就业的规模与特征

Non-standard Employment in the International Perspective and China's Interpretation: Scale and Characteristics of Non-standard Employment in China

非标准就业正成为全球性现象,在中国也日渐广泛。本文分析了国际劳工组织等国际机构对非标准就业的定义,比较了非标准就业、非正规就业和灵活就业的异同,对中国背景下的非标准就业进行了界定。利用中国城市劳动力调查(CULS) 2016年数据进行的分析表明,中国城市中非标准就业的比例达到34. 95%;非标准就业呈现出工作持续时间短、工作满意度低、工资水平低、超时工作严重、社会保险覆盖率低、工资权益保障差等特征;受教育程度低、年龄大、未婚和农业户口劳动者更容易成为非标准就业者。应规范和引导非标准就业的发展,加强对非标准就业群体的劳动权益保障,提高非标准就业者的谈判能力,并针对重点群体出台相应的支持政策。

Non-standard employment(NSE)is becoming a global phenomenon and has been increasingly widespread in China.This paper analyzes the meaning of NSE defined by the International Labour Organization and other international organizations,compares concepts of NSE,informal employment and flexible employment,and proposes the definition of NSE considering China's background.Drawing upon the data of China Urban Labor Survey of 2016,this study finds that the proportion of NSE in urban China was 34.95 percent.Based on the data analysis,NSE in China has the following characteristics,including short duration of work,low level of job satisfaction,low wage level,overtime work,low coverage of social insurance,and inadequate wage right protection.Workers with lower level of educational attainment,age disadvantage,and those unmarried and with rural hukou are more likely to engage in NSE.Measures should be taken to adapt to and regulate the growth of NSE in China,including protecting labor rights of NSE workers,improving the bargaining power of NSE workers,and formulating targeted policies to support people who are more likely to engage in NSE.