江苏南部潮间带大型底栖动物功能群研究

Macrozoobenthic functional groups in intertidal zone of southern Jiangsu Province

为更好了解江苏近岸海域潮间带大型底栖动物功能群,2014年5月、8月、10月和2015年3月在江苏南部潮间带5个断面15个站位开展了大型底栖动物调查,布设高潮区、中潮区和低潮区研究了该区域大型底栖动物功能群组成及时空变化。共采集潮间带大型底栖动物64种,以环节动物、软体动物和甲壳动物为主。根据摄食功能将大型底栖动物分为肉食者、杂食者、浮游生物食者、碎屑食者和植食者5个功能群。各功能群物种数由高到低依次是肉食者、杂食者、浮游生物食者、碎屑食者和植食者。各功能群生物密度由高到低依次是浮游生物食者、肉食者、杂食者、碎屑食者和植食者。大型底栖动物平均密度在季节间和断面间的差异不显著(P> 0. 05),在潮区间的差异显著(P <0. 01)。浮游生物食者平均生物量明显高于其它功能摄食类群,为55. 23 g·m^(-2),占总生物量的83. 41%;其次是杂食者,平均生物量为4. 34 g·m^(-2);碎屑食者最低,平均生物量为0. 20 g·m-2。大型底栖动物平均生物量在季节间和断面间的差异不显著(P> 0. 05),在潮区间的差异显著(P <0. 01)。肉食者Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均最高,其次是浮游生物食者。潮区分布上,3种多样性指数均是中潮区最高,高、低潮区较低。以上结果表明:浮游生物食者和肉食者是组成江苏近岸海域潮间带大型底栖动物的主要功能群,各功能群中浮游生物食者的生物量占比远高于其它几个功能群,其中四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)和文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)平均生物量超过总生物量10%,分别为17%和55%。

Functional groups of macrobenthos are vital for the comprehensive evaluation of ecological function changes in intertidal zone. In order to get a better understanding of the functional groups of macrobenthos,the surveys were conducted at 15 locations of 5 sections in the intertidal zone of Jiangsu coastal areas in May,August,October 2014 and March 2015. Three zones including high tide zone( H),middle tide zone( M) and low tide zone( L) were selected to study the functional groups of macrozoobenthos in the flat. The results demonstrated that a total of 64 macrozoobenthos species were recorded,most of which were polychaete( 30 species),mollusk( 19 species) and crustacean( 11 species). The species number in H,M and L was 37,35 and 35 respectively. According to their feeding functions, the macrozoobenthos were classified into 5 functional groups: carnivorous, omnivorous, planktophagous, detritivorous, phytophagous. The species number of each functional group of macrozoobenthos was in the order of carnivorous > omnivorous >planktophagous > detritivorous > phytophagous. The abundance of each functional group in order was planktophagous > camivorous > omnivorous > detritivorous > phytophagous. There were significant differences between middle tide zone and other two tide zones but no significant difference between seasons or sections by the one-way ANOVA method. Planktophagous group had the highest biomass of 55. 23 g·m-2,accounting for 83. 41% of total. Omnivorous group had the biomass of 4. 34 g·m-2 secondly while detritivorous group had the lowest biomass of 0. 20 g·m-2. Overall,the relative biomass and diversity index were the highest in middle tide zone and lower in high and low tide zone. But there was no significant difference between seasons or sections by the one-way ANOVA method. Carnivorous group had the highest diversity indices( ShannonWiener index,Margalef index,Pielou index),and planktophagous group had the second. In the distribution of the tidal zone,the middle tide zone had higher diversity indices( Shannon-Wiener index,Margalef index,Pielou index) while the high and low tide zones had the lower. In conclusion,planktophagous group and carnivourous group were the main functional groups of macrobenthos in the intertidal zone of Jiangsu coastal areas. The biomass of the planktophagous group was much higher than that of the other functional groups. The average biomass of Mactra veneriformis and Meretrix meretrix was 17% and 55% respectively,both over 10%of the total biomass.