中国环境负担分摊的不公平性研究

Inequity in the Allocation of China's Environmental Burden

高速增长的经济背后隐藏着巨大的环境损害成本和社会健康成本,因环境资源的不合理配置造成的环境负担不公平分摊问题已经成为中国亟需解决的现实问题。文章利用中国1998-2015年的省级面板数据,建立基于各经济主体的环境负担分摊模型,测度因不同种类污染物造成的环境负担在各经济主体间的分摊比例,分析其中隐藏的区域差异。实证结果显示:无论是以工业三废排放总量,还是分别以工业三废排放量作为环境负担总量的反映指标进行面板回归,企业的环境负担分摊比例都是最低的,而居民的分摊比例都是最高的,中国环境负担的不公平分摊问题非常突出,整体上仍处于"企业污染、群众受害、政府买单"的困境之中;中国环境负担分摊呈现出明显的城乡二元结构特征,总体而言,城镇居民比农村居民承受更多的环境负担,但是,随着工业污染由城镇向农村的转移和蔓延,两者的差距正不断缩小;各经济主体间环境负担的不公平性具有明显的区域差异,其中,区域A(包括北京、天津、海南、上海、山东、广东、黑龙江等7个地区)内各主体环境负担分摊的不公平程度要低于其他区域。该研究结果对于差异性环境规制政策的制定具有一定的借鉴意义。

Huge environmental damage costs and social health costs are hidden behind the fast-growing economy,the inequity in the allocation of environmental burden caused by the unreasonable allocation of environmental resources has become an ur. gent problem that China needs to solve. Using the provincial panel data of China from 1998 to 2015,this paper establishes an environmental burden allocation model based on all economic entities which measures the proportion of environmental burden caused by different types of pollutants between various economic entities and analyzes the hidden regional differences. The re. sults show that:whether the total amount of industrial waste discharge or any kind of pollutant emissions is used as a reflection of the Chinese total environmental burden in the panel regression,the proportion of the environmental burden of enterprises is the lowest,while the proportion of residents is the highest. The inequity in the allocation of China’s environmental burden is very prominent,and it is still in the dilemma of“enterprises polluting,masses suffering,and governments paying”;The alloca. tion of China’s environmental burden presents obvious urban-rural dual structure characteristics. Overall,urban residents bear more environmental burden than rural residents. However,with the transfer and spread of industrial pollution from urban to rural areas,the gap between these two groups is shrinking;There are obvious regional differences in the inequity of environ. mental burden among different economic entities. Among them,the degree of inequity in environmental burden allocation among the entities in region A (including seven provincial-level administrative areas of Beijing,Tianjin,Hainan,Shanghai, Shandong,Guangdong and Heilongjiang) is lower than that in other regions. The results of this study have certain reference sig. nificance for the formulation of different environmental regulation policies.