论社会形态及其演变

On Social Form and Its Evolution

社会形态可理解为具体社会的本质性特征。由于制度安排权分配制乃是社会本质的最终决定因素,因而对社会的历史形态及其演变的描述亦应以其为据进行。由此,社会历史形态不外制度共定社会和制度独定社会这两大类,前者又有制度直接共定和制度间接共定等具体形态,后者又有一人定制和多人定制的具体形态抑或君王定制、寡头定制和集团议员定制的具体形态。若从定制者所属的统治集团说,制度独定社会的具体形态则是贵族奴隶主定制社会、官僚地主定制社会和资本家定制社会这三种。在历史上,人类社会先是制度共定社会的时代,后来异化到制度独定社会的时代,至现代又成为向制度共定社会复归的时代。其中,前一种演变即"异化",是民选首领的篡权所致;后一种演变即"复归",则在于被统治群体的反抗终于有了新的制度意识形态为指导。由于新制度意识形态启蒙了人民当家做主的觉悟,人类社会历史将不会再形成新的轮回,而是终结于制度共定社会的基本形态。

Social form can be deemed as the essential feature of a specific society.Since the system of distribution of institutional arrangements is the ultimate determinant of the nature of society,the description of the historical form of society and its evolution should also be based on it.Therefore,it can be seen that the social and historical forms are only the two categories of system co-determining society and system independently determining society.The former has the specific forms of direct co-determination of system and indirect co-determination of system,while the latter has the specific forms of one-person customization and multi-person customization,or the specific forms of monarch customization,oligarch customization and group parliamentarian customization.From the perspective of the ruling group to which the customizer belongs,the specific forms of the society determined by the system are the customized society of the aristocrat slave owner,the customized society of the bureaucrat landlord and the customized society of the capitalist.In history,human society is the era of system co-determination first,then the era of alienation to system independent society,and then the era of return to system co-determination in modern times.The former is called “alienation”,which is caused by the usurpation of power by elected leaders.The latter evolution,namely “restoration”,is that the resistance of the governed groups is finally guided by a new institutional ideology.Since the new institutional ideology enlighten the people's consciousness of being masters of the country,the history of human society will not form a new cycle,but end in the basic form of the system co-determined society.