当代文学批评话语系统新探

Contemporary Literary Criticism Discourse System

当代文学批评可大致划分为两种类型。其一是学院批评,自上世纪90年代发展至今,经历了由兴盛到争议的过程,其特征是理论性、客观性、价值中立。其二是学院批评以外的文学批评,其内部分支众多、种类复杂多变。这类文学批评的共同特征是个性化、主观性、价值判断,因此可统称为价值批评。这两类批评的根本区别在于它们是两套话语系统,即批评对原文(作品)阐释的两种方式,也是作为所指的批评与作为能指的原文之间的两种意指关系。两套话语的分化形成既受学院的封闭式环境影响,也受批评家对创作实践话语权的影响。

Contemporary literary criticism can be roughly divided into two types. The first is the criticism of the college. Since its development in the 1990s, it has experienced a process from prosperity to controversy. Its characteristics are theoretical, objective and value neutral. The second is literary criticism other than academic criticism. Its internal branches are numerous and complex. The common features of such literary criticism are individuality, subjectivity, and value judgment, so they can be collectively referred to as value criticism. The fundamental difference between these two types of criticism is that they are two sets of discourse systems, that is, two ways of criticizing the interpretation of the original text (the works), and also as two kinds of meaning relations between the criticized and the original text. The formation of the two sets of discourses is influenced not only by the closed environment of the college, but also by the critics' right to speak in practice.