出土医书时间副词研究

The Study of Time Adverbs of the Unearthed Medical Books

出土医书中的时间副词有"既""已""乃_3""尝""刚""将""且""欲""行""疾""遽""急""立""先""后""然后""乃_2""初""始""纔""豫""蚤(早)""久""终身""终古""徐""稍""并""时""常""恒""即""辙""乃_1""有顷""物(忽)""暴"37个,单音词33个,复音词4个,以单音词为主,基本上承自先秦文献。出土医书的时间副词的使用具有新的特点:时间副词"既"有3例,"已"有60例,出土医书最突出的特点是口语性极强,因此,时间副词"已"和"既"的更替至少到汉代口语中已经基本完成;时间副词"将"有16例,"将"除了用于诏书等特殊的文体中,还经常用在口语性较强的医籍文献中;从信息突显的角度看,出土医书中"毚"字句处于背景位置,而后续句处于前景位置,"毚"只表单纯短时义。

Time adverbs of the unearthed medical books are“Ji既”“Yi已”“Nai乃3”“Chang尝”“Gang刚”“Jiang将”“Qie且”“Yu欲”“Xing行”“Ji疾”“Ju遽”“Ji急”“Li立”“Xian先”“Hou后”“Ranhou然后”“Nai乃2”“Chu初”“Shi始”“Cai纔”“Yu豫”“Zao蚤(早)”“Jiu久”“Zhongshen终身”“Zhonggu终古”“Xu徐”“Shao稍”“Bing并”“Shi时”“Chang常”“Heng恒”“Ji即”“Che辙”“Nai乃1”“Youqing有顷”“Hu物(忽)”“Bao暴”,which inherited from the pre-Qin literature basically. Time adverbs in unearthed medical books have new characteristics. There were 3 cases of time adverb “Ji既”and 60 cases of “Yi已” and because of its spoken Chinese, which shows that The alternation of time adverbs “Ji既” and “Yi已”have been basically completed at least in the spoken of han dynasty. There were 16 cases of time adverb “Jiang将”,which is not only used in special literary forms such as imperial edicts, but also used in the literatures of medical books. Time adverbs “Cai纔” was in the background position in the textbooks, and later in the future position, from the perspective of the information to highlight, which shows simple short-term meaning only.