西北煤炭开发生态风险管控区划分及管理策略

Division and Management Strategy of Regional Ecological Risk Control Zonation for Coal Exploitation and Utilization in Northwest China

为维护我国西北地区生态安全,引导煤炭资源有序开发利用,以甘肃省、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区为研究区域,结合西北地区典型内陆河流域地下水形成特征及区域生态环境特点,选取与区域煤炭综合开发活动具有重要关联的地下水资源、生态环境等指标,利用专家打分法确定评价指标权重,构建煤炭综合开发生态风险管控评价指标体系,通过对指标体系分级结果的空间转化,划分禁止开发区、限制开发区、适度开发区3个煤炭开发的生态风险管控区.结果表明:①禁止开发区面积约131. 6×104km2,占西北三省(自治区)总面积的46%,主要分布在柴达木、塔里木、准噶尔三大盆地的盆周及周边地区,总体上呈"三环"分布,禁止开发区应禁止一切煤炭开发活动.②限制开发区1区主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区南部地区及天山北麓以及甘肃省河西走廊的人工绿洲,煤炭开发利用过程中要兼顾保护农田、地下水,维持防风固沙功能方可进行;限制开发区2区主要分布在甘肃省酒泉地区黑河流域,新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区、喀什地区及和田地区的荒漠生态系统内以及环塔里木盆地外围地区,煤炭开发利用过程中需兼顾防风固沙功能及生态系统保护方可进行.③适度开发区分布较为分散,在保护特定生态系统功能的前提下可适度开发.研究显示,需针对上述不同类型的生态风险管控区提出差别化管理要求,重点对限制开发区、适度开发区的煤炭开发提出相应的生态保护要求,提出由限制为主转向优化发展为主的管理方略.

To maintain the ecological security and industrial sustainability in Gansu Province,Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the ecologic environments were relatively fragile,it is necessary to regulate the coal exploitation and utilization activities to mitigate the negative impacts of these activities on the reduction of local water resources,soil erosion,and deterioration of vegetation.The concept of regional ecological risk control zonation has been brought forward and practiced in northwest China.Three evaluation index systems were built to evaluate the importance of ecosystem service function,the potential damage of the groundwater resources and the restorability of ecosystem while coal mining activities were undergoing.The indices were constructed in consideration of the groundwater formation mechanisms and the characteristics of the regional ecological environment in northwest China.This paper adopted the expert evaluation method to determine the weights of the indices mentioned above,using analytical hierarchy processes and clustering analysis for weight assignment.The results of the evaluation system were conducted by the spatial transition processes on the map.Meanwhile,multiple map layers such as layout of permafrost regions,restrict area of national major function division were piled up on the same map.The ecological risk control zones were divided into three different types:(1)Prohibition zones accounted for about 46%of the whole research area,which was mainly distributed in the major basins and their surrounding areas.All type of coal exploitation activities should be prohibited in this zone.(2)Restricted zones were mainly distributed in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountain,southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,artificial oasis in the Gansu corridors,etc.Farmland,groundwater,ecosystem and windproof and sand fixing protection should be taken into consideration while the coal utilization processes were undergoing.(3)Moderate exploitation zones were relatively scattered and could be developed under the corresponding protection methods.Based on the current development conditions and main environmental constraints of the major mining areas in different control zones,recommendations for further environmental management policies of coal mining activities were made accordingly,which optimized the layout of coal mining and provided a new environmental management method that turned the traditional restricted method into optimized development in advance.