《民法总则》第185条中“公共利益”的属性及司法认定

The Attribute and Judicial Cognizance of“Public Interest”Stipulated in the Article 185 of General Provisions of the Civil Law of China

《民法总则》第185条中"公共利益"的表述体现了与英雄烈士等的人格利益的直接相关性及其社会性,并且是作为私权利的界限存在的。该条中的公共利益具有依附性和来源上的特定性、内容上的抽象性和不可计量性及较为鲜明的政治性等属性。受这些属性的影响,法院对其进行认定的难题在于如何论证社会公众的精神性利益受到了侵害及如何衡量公共利益的受损害程度。这一难题的解决需要借助侵权行为的影响范围来说明并以程序主义的论证路径为支撑;而其与个人权利冲突的解决可以通过利益权衡和平等分配原则两个维度来检验,也可以引入比例原则作为参照标准。

The formulation of“public interest”in the article 185 of General Provisions of the Civil Law of China reflects the relevance to the personality interest of heroes and martyrs and its sociality.Moreover,it exists in the form of the limit of private rights.Its attributes manifest as dependency and the specificality of orientation,the abstractness and immeasurability of the content and its political nature.Influenced by these attributes,the difficulty of judicial cognizance lies in how to illustrate the harm of the spiritual interest of the general public and how to measure the degree of harmed public interest.The solution should resort to the reach of infringement act to illustrate and the procedural demonstration method to verify.The resolution of the conflict between public interest and private rights can be inspected by the principles of the interest measurement and equal distribution.The principle of proportionality can also be a standard.