土壤肥力和氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响

Effects of Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Application Patterns on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Rice in Cold Region

以垦粳5号为材料,设计3种土壤肥力(高、中、低肥力)和5种氮肥运筹模式[农民习惯施肥(M1)、V字形施肥(M2)、减氮施肥(M3)、减氮减磷施肥(M4)、前氮后移施肥(M5)],研究不同土壤肥力和氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响,旨在为提高寒地水稻氮肥综合生产能力、改善稻米品质提供理论参考。结果表明,土壤肥力和氮肥运筹二因素互作对水稻产量、品质、氮肥利用影响显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M3模式产量(31.2 g/穴)最高,M1、M2、M4模式依次次之;中肥力土壤条件下,M1模式产量(28.0 g/穴)最高,M2、M4模式依次次之;低肥力土壤条件下,M1模式产量(26.7 g/穴)最高,M2、M4、M3模式依次次之。高肥力土壤条件下,M4模式的垩白粒率和垩白度、M3和M4模式的蛋白质含量较低;中、低肥力土壤条件下,M5模式的垩白粒率和垩白度、M1模式蛋白质含量较低。高肥力土壤条件下,M3—M5模式的食味评分(84.11、83.30、83.36)较高;中肥力土壤条件下,M1、M2模式的食味评分(85.49、84.47)较高;低肥力土壤条件下,M1、M3、M4模式的食味评分(85.17、85.39、85.14)较高。M1模式茎秆抗倒伏指数显著低于其他模式,其他模式间的差异均不显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M4、M5模式氮肥贡献率较高;中肥力土壤条件下,各模式间差异均不显著;低肥力土壤条件下,M2模式氮肥贡献率最低,其余模式间差异均不显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M3模式的地上部吸氮量、氮肥农学利用率(51.46%)、氮肥吸收利用率(66.83 g/g)和氮肥偏生产力(131.52 g/g)最高,M5模式的氮肥生理利用率(134.54 g/g)最高;中肥力土壤条件下,M5模式的氮肥吸收利用率(58.29 g/g)、M4模式的氮肥偏生产力(104.05 g/g)、M1模式的氮肥生理利用率(100.18 g/g)最高,M2模式较高;低肥力土壤条件下,M2模式的地上部吸氮量、M2模式的氮肥吸收利用率(61.18 g/g)、M4模式的氮肥偏生产力(100.39 g/g)、M1模式的氮肥生理利用率(90.93 g/g)最高,M3模式较高。综合考虑,高肥力土壤采用M3模式、中肥力土壤采用M2模式、低肥力土壤采用M3模式有利于协调寒地水稻产量、品质、氮肥利用率的关系。

Trials with three treatments of soil fertilizer(high,middle and low)and five N application patterns[local farmer’s fertilization (M1),V shape fertilization (M2),reducing N fertilization (M3),reducing N and P fertilization (M4),application of N at late growth stage (M5)] were set up to study the effects of soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization of rice in cold region,so as to provide theory reference for improving nitrogen comprehensive productivity and rice quality.The results showed that the interaction between soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns had significant effects on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization.Under high soil fertility condition,M3 pattern had the highest yield(31.2 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 and M4 patterns.Under middle soil fertility condition,the yield of M1 pattern was the highest (28.0 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 patterns.Under low soil fertility condition,M1 pattern had the highest yield(26.7 g/hole),followed by M2,M4 and M3 patterns.The chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M4 pattern, protein content of M3 and M4 were lower under high fertility soil condition,and the chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M5 pattern, protein content of M1 were lower under middle and low fertility soil conditions.The taste value of M3-M5 patterns(84.11, 83.30 ,83.36),M1-M2 patterns (85.49, 84.47),and M1,M3,M4 patterns (85.17,85.39,85.14) were higher under high,middle and low fertility soil conditions,respectively.The lodging resistance index of M1 pattern was significantly lower than that of the other fertilization patterns,and there was no significant difference among the other fertilization patterns.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M4 and M5 patterns were higher under high fertility soil condition,and there were no significant differences among patterns under middle fertilizer soil condition.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M2 pattern was the lowest,and no significant differences were found among the other patterns under low fertility soil condition.Under high fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen agronomic efficiency(51.46%),nitrogen recovery use efficiency (66.83 g/g) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (131.52 g/g) of M3 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency (134.54 g/g) of M5 pattern were the highest.Under middle fertility soil condition,nitrogen recovery use efficiency (58.29 g/g) of M5 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity (104.05 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency (100.18 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M2 pattern were higher.Under low fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen recovery use efficiency(61.18 g/g) of M2 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity (100.39 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency (90.93 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M3 pattern were higher.Therefore, the use of M3 pattern under high fertility soil condition,M2 pattern under medium soil fertility condition,M3 pattern under low fertility soil condition were helpful to coordinate the relationship of yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency.