高空零压气球上升过程的运动特性研究

Motion Characteristics of Zero-pressure Balloon in Ascending Process

飞行在20km～100km高度的临近空间浮空器,在区域监视、侦查、应急通信与科学实验等领域具有独特的优势。高空零压气球是常见的临近空间浮空平台之一。对其上升过程运动特性的研究有利于增加驻空时间、减少横向漂移距离。文章通过建立零压气球充气量模型和气球上升过程中的动力学模型,对气球上升过程中动力学模型进行仿真分析,结合高空飞行试验数据,验证了所建模型的准确性。在模型的基础上对比了不同浮升气体对气球上升速度以及驻空高度的影响;研究了浮升气体充气量对载荷总量的影响,并分析了气球在上升过程中的体积变化以及驻空高度与浮升气体质量的关系,最后讨论了影响气球上升特性的关键因素。可以得到零压气球上升过程运动特性与浮升气体种类、充入气体量、气球规格、载荷质量有关,假设气球可无限膨胀不发生爆炸,浮升气体密度越小,充入气体量越多,载荷质量越轻,气球的驻空高度就越高,达平衡所需时间越少;实际工程应用中,气球受材料限制不可无限膨胀,面密度小的气球,可能在上升到驻空高度前发生爆炸,要使气球携带一定质量载荷在某一高度范围驻空,其充气量不能过多,需与一些物理量满足一定关系。

Near-space aerostats,which flying at an altitude from 20 kilometers to 100 kilometers,have advantages in the fields of local monitoring,reconnaissance,emergency communication and scientific experiment,etc.high-altitude zero-pressure balloon a familiar kind of near space aerostat the study of its movement characteristics is beneficial to increase its resident time and decrease lateral drift in space.In the present study,a dynamic model of zero-pressure balloon's ascending process is built and simulation of the ascending process is conducted.Accuracy of the model is confirmed with the data from actual flight test.This study focuses on how ascending rate and resident altitude are effected when using different lifting gas.This study also focuses on how weight of payload is effected by different volume of lifting gas and analyzes the relationship between the variation of balloon's volume in ascending process and the resident altitude or the mass of lifting gas.The critical factors that effect the character of balloon's ascension are discussed.As a result,The motion characteristics of the zero-pressure balloon in the rising process are related to the type of lifting gas,the amount of gas filled,the balloon specifications and the mass of payload.With the assumption that the balloon can expand indefinitely without exploding,the smaller the density of lifting gas is,the more the amount of lifting gas is filled,the lighter the payload mass is,the higher the resident altitude of the balloon,and the less time it takes to reach the equilibrium height.In practical engineering applications,a balloon cannot expand indefinitely because of its material,a balloon with a low surface density may explode before rising to the resident altitude.In order to make the balloon carry a certain weight payload floating in a certain height range in the air,the volume of lifting gas cannot be too much,requires to meet a certain relationship with some quantities.