犯罪侦查中网络通讯数据留存制度的欧洲法审视

Network Communication Data Retention in the Criminal Investigation of European Law Review

为打击恐怖主义犯罪和严重犯罪,一些欧洲国家开始留存通讯网络数据作为侦查保障措施。马德里和伦敦的恐怖袭击让欧盟决定在欧洲层面建立数据留存体制。由于数据留存对公民隐私权造成严重侵犯,欧盟出台的《数据留存指令》一直遭受质疑,部分成员国的转换立法被国内法院裁定违宪而无效,指令也于2014年被欧盟法院宣告无效。但大多数成员国仍在继续修正和制定数据留存立法。欧盟委员会也权衡各方利益出台了新的通讯监管规定,仍然保留了基于国家安全、侦查执法等的数据留存机制。欧洲人权法院通过判例确立了新的权利保障规则,但欧盟法院的态度始终摇摆不定。数据留存体制背后国家监控权与公民隐私权的博弈,始终贯穿于制度发展沿革,这对我国网络建设具有一定启示和借鉴意义。

In order to combat terrorism and serious crimes,some European countries have started to retain communication data as an investigation safeguard measure.The terrorist attacks in Madrid and London have allowed the EU to establish a data retention system at the European level.Because data retention has caused serious infringement of citizens’privacy right,the European Union’s data retention directive has been widely doubted.Transformation legislation in part of the member states court has been ruled unconstitutional and invalid by domestic courts,and the directive had also been declared invalid by the European court in 2014.But most member states continue to revise and make data retention legislation,and the European court of human rights has established a new rule of rights protection through case law,but the CJEU has compromised again.The game between the state surveillance power and the citizens’privacy rights in the back of the data retention system has always existed through the development of the system and has certain implications for China’s network legislation construction.