中华民族文化观念之具形、起点与方向

The Formation,Starting Point and Direction of the Cultural Ideas of the Chinese Nation

目前的学术是表层的"枝叶"叠杂而不见其"根"的学术。故提倡"根系学术"研究,是克服当前学术危机的重要方法且有深刻的意义。何谓"根系学术"?笛卡尔说:"整个哲学是一棵树,其根为形而上学,其干为物理学,其枝为其他科学"。这便是近世以来贤者所提倡的"知识谱系树"形态,任何知识系统,都存在着"根-干-枝(叶)"的生命伸展形态。中国道德文化、中国心性哲学也必然是一"知识谱系树"形态,必具"根-干-枝(叶)"的生命伸展形式。牟宗三先生是中西哲学汇通的大师,他在《历史哲学》一书开篇即指出中华民族观念之具形问题,后又在康德哲学讲演录中指出决定中华民族智慧方向《诗经》的两首诗,极具方向性意义,但所缺者则是中国观念、意识的完善表达系统与形式。笔者依据《易·系辞上》的"圣人立象以尽意""系辞焉以尽其言",检索出"象-意-言"的中国人特有的观念意识的表达系统来。于是"民族观念之具形——中华民族智慧发展的方向——中国民族观念、意识的完善表达系统",三者鼎足而立,构成中国学术发展的"主根"。厘清这三足鼎立的"根",关系到中国学术发展的方向与形态。中国学术又称"文史哲"不分家。文,是辞章问题;史,是考据问题;哲,是义理问题。史是扎根之基础,哲是观念之提升,文是"修辞立其诚(辞达而已)"。三者缺一,即是蹩脚的文化、残缺的哲学。因而"民族观念之具形——中华民族智慧发展的方向——圣人之‘象-意-言’系统",三者的贯通融合发展,形成中国道德文化,中国心性哲学的最重要特征。

At present,academia is a superficial “branch and leaf” without “root”,therefore,advocating “root academic” research has profound significance.Like Descartes’ words “the whole philosophy is a tree,root is metaphysics,stem is physics,branch is the other science”,the “knowledge pedigree tree” advocated by sages in modern times also exists a form of “root-stem-branch (leaf)”.It is the same for Chinese moral culture and Chinese philosophy of mind.Mr.Mou Zongsan,a master converging Chinese and Western philosophy,at the beginning of his Philosophy of History,pointed out the tangible problems of the Chinese nation's ideas,and later in his lecture on Kant's philosophy,pointed out that the two poems,are of great significance determining the direction of the Chinese nation's wisdom,but the sort is the perfect expression system and the form of Chinese concept and consciousness.Based on the ideas “sage setting image to the utmost” and “words expressing meaning to the utmost” in Yi Xici Shang,we retrieve the expression system of the Chinese people's unique ideology of “image-meaning-speech”,thus “the image of ethnic ideas--the direction of the development of Chinese national wisdom--the perfect expressing system of Chinese ethnic ideas and consciousness”,mutually constitutes the main root of Chinese academic development.Chinese academics,also known as “literature,history and philosophy”,are inter-dependent,in which literature is a matter of diction,history is a matter of textual research;philosophy is a matter of principle.History is the foundation of roots,philosophy is the promotion of ideas,and literature is “rhetoric for sincerity”,lacking anyone of the three could be a poor culture and incomplete philosophy,so the “image-meaning-rhetoric” system is integrated,forming the most important feature of Chinese moral culture and Chinese philosophy of mind.