锡林郭勒盟和锡林浩特市草原生态系统服务与人类福祉的关系研究综述

A review of grassland ecosystem service and human well-being in Xilingol League and Xilinhot City

自20世纪80年代以来,锡林郭勒盟(以下简称锡盟)的草原生态、产业结构和牧民生活都发生了巨大的变化。锡林浩特市(以下简称锡市)作为锡林郭勒盟的政治、经济和文化中心,其发展变化更是得到了社会各界的广泛关注。为了全面系统地了解草原生态系统服务和人类福祉之间的关系,推动草原城市可持续研究的发展,本文对研究地可持续性的相关研究进行了系统性综述。结果表明,目前研究的主要议题包括草原生态系统、牧户福祉、气候变化与灾害、产业结构与发展、城市生态研究。综述发现,在气候变化、灾害和草地产权政策调整的影响下,锡盟和锡市的草原生态系统服务尤其是供给服务呈下降趋势,对牧民的收入和福祉产生了重要的影响。一系列旨在恢复草地的管理政策出台后,草地恢复初见成效。当地主要产业包括畜牧业、采矿业和旅游业等。畜牧业是绝大多数牧民最主要的收入来源,受草原生态系统、气候和人类活动影响。采矿业增加了政府收入,促进了城市的发展和建设,但给当地生态环境和牧民生产生活带来了很多负面影响。如何将采矿业的发展转化为当地居民的福祉,提高可持续性,是研究地面临的一大挑战。旅游业所占份额不大,但是增长迅速,有望成为牧民重要的收入来源,增加生计多样性。综述发现,以往的研究多针对某个单一议题开展,关于可持续性的综合研究较少,未来需要进一步开展跨学科的综合研究,为提高当地的可持续性发展提供科学依据。

Xilingol League has undergone great changes since the 1980s, with regard to the grassland ecosystem, industrial structure, and the life of herdsmen. Xilinhot City has attracted extensive attention from researchers and practitioners because it is the political, economic, and cultural center of Xilingol. We conducted a systematic review of sustainable studies in this area to understand the relationship between grassland ecosystem service and human well-being. The results showed that the research topics mainly include grassland ecosystem, herdsmen wellbeing, climate change and natural disasters, industrial structure and development, and urban ecology. Under the impacts of climate change, disasters, and grassland/livestock ownership reforms, the grassland ecosystem services in Xilingol and Xilinhot, especially the provisioning service, showed a decline, which had an important impact on the income and well-being of herdsmen. In order to restore the grassland, a series of policies were introduced and achieved some successes. The main industries include animal husbandry, mining, and tourism. Animal husbandry is the most important source of income for most herdsmen, and it is affected by the grassland ecosystem, climate, and human activities. The mining industry has increased government income and promoted the development and construction of cities, but it has had many negative impacts on the local ecological environment and life of herdsmen. Transformation of the development of the mining industry to improve the well-being of local residents and sustainability is a major challenge for Xilinhot City. Tourism accounts for a small share of economic growth, but it is growing rapidly and is expected to become an important source of income for herdsmen to increase their diversity of livelihood. We found that previous studies mainly focused on a single issue, while few studies on comprehensive sustainability have been conducted. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive interdisciplinary research and provide a scientific basis for local sustainability research.