休闲期耕作配施肥料对旱地麦田土壤水分和产量形成的影响

Effects of Tillage and Fertilizer on Soil Moisture and Yield Formation in Dryland Wheat Field during Fallow Period

为探索实现高产的最适耕作方式,研究施肥条件下,休闲期深松、深翻、免耕对旱地小麦土壤水分和产量形成的影响。结果表明,与休闲期免耕处理相比,深松、深翻处理可以提高施肥后开花前土壤蓄水量,显著提高开花后积累的干物质量及对籽粒的贡献率;2014—2015,2015—2016年穗数分别提高4%～9%,6%～9%;产量分别提高9%～18%,19%～23%;水分利用效率分别提高6%～14%,14%～19%。休闲期深松、深翻后休闲期土壤蓄水效率、开花前土壤蓄水量显著提高;各生育时期植株干物质量、开花后积累的干物质量及对籽粒的转运率、穗数、千粒质量、产量、水分利用效率也显著提高,以深松效果较好。此外,施肥条件下休闲期深松、深翻处理,产量及其构成因素与开花前土壤水分呈正相关,而与开花后呈负相关。施肥条件下,休闲期深松、深翻有利于开花前土壤水分的蓄保,促进干物质的积累及向籽粒的运转,实现增产,且以深松效果较好。

To find the optimal tillage method for high yield,the paper studied the effects of subsoiling(SS),deep tillage(DT)and no tillage(CK)during the fallow period under the fertilization condition on soil moisture and yield.The result showed that compared with the no tillage treatment,after applying fertilizer,subsoiling,deep tillage during the fallow period increased the soil water storage before anthesis,and increased post-anthesis assimilates accumulation amount and its contribution to grain significantly,the number of panicles increased by 4%-9%,6%-9%,respectively,the yield increased by 9%-18%,19%-23%,respectively,the water use efficiency increased by 6%-14%,14%-19%,respectively,during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016.Soil water storage efficiency of fallow period and soil water storage before anthesis,plant dry matter of different growing stage,post-anthesis assimilates accumulation amount and its contribution to grain,the number of spike,1 000-grain quality,yield and water use efficiency increased significantly under SS and DT compared with CK,and SS treatment was better.In addition,under the condition of fertilization adoption of SS and DT,yield and its components were correlated with soil water storage before anthesis,and negatively correlated with soil water storage after anthesis.Under the condition of fertilization,tillage during fallow period is beneficial to improve soil water storage capacity before anthesis,which is favorable to accumulate dry quality into grain and increase grain yield.The effects of subsoiling treatment during fallow period is better.