伦理学定义、对象和体系再思考

Reconsideration of Definition,Object and System of Ethics

伦理学,就其主要研究对象来说,是关于国家制度好坏价值标准的科学;就其全部研究对象来说,是关于道德好坏的价值科学,是关于优良道德的科学。伦理学分为元伦理学和规范伦理学以及美德伦理学。元伦理学研究"价值""善""应该""正当"以及"是"或"事实"及其相互关系,从而解决"休谟难题"——能否从"事实"推导出"应该"——提出优良道德规范制定之方法:元伦理学是关于优良道德制定方法的科学。规范伦理学研究如何通过道德最终目的,从行为事实如何,推导出行为应该如何的优良道德规范:规范伦理学是关于优良道德规范制定过程的科学。美德伦理学研究"良心""名誉"和"品德",解决优良道德如何由社会的外在规范转化为个人内在美德:美德伦理学是关于优良道德实现途径的科学。

Ethics is a science about the value standard of the good or bad state system in term of its main research object, a value science about the good or bad morality and a science about the good morality in term of all its research objects. Ethics is divided into meta-ethics and normative ethics as well as virtue ethics. The meta-ethics studies “value”,“goodness”,“oughting”,“righteousness” and “being” or “fact” and their interrelationships, so as to deal with the “Hume Conundrum”--whether we can deduce "oughting" from “fact”--put forward the method of formulating good moral norms: meta-ethics is a science about the method of formulating good moral norms. Normative ethics studies how to deduce good moral norms from the facts of behavior through the ultimate purpose of morality: Normative ethics is a science of the process of formulating good moral norms. Virtue ethics studies “conscience”,“reputation” and “morality” to solve how good morality can be transformed from the external norms of society to the internal virtues of individuals: Virtue ethics is a science about the ways to realize good morality.