立极庙与斩白蛇:秦之正统的树立及接受研究

Construction of Celestial Pole Temple and Chopping White Snake——A Study on the Establishment and Acceptance of Qin's Orthodoxy

始皇定水德以明正统,终又落实于立极庙,欲以天极一元信仰取代西周封建以来逐步形成的地方区位信仰,使之与统一的帝国相适应,同时通过建设"帝者祖庙"达到庇佑帝国传祀万世的目的。从刘邦集团起事之初编造赤帝子杀白帝子的故事来看,楚人依然坚持方位信仰,无视秦朝统一信仰的制度设计,而立足关中之后又沿袭秦人所立水德。高祖无论"斩蛇"还是"因秦",实际上都是对秦朝统治"正当"与"正统"的否定。秦始皇与汉高祖关于国家祠祭体系的举措与态度,仿佛一场跨时空的对话,显现出秦汉时代思想变化的隐曲、激烈。五德(五行)信仰在秦至东汉这一时间段里可谓复杂多变,对之加以梳理具有重要意义。

The emperor Qin Shihuang demonstrated his orthodoxy by establishing the Water ethics, and finally implemented it in the construction of the Celestial Pole temple, hoping to replace the local belief gradually formed by the Western Zhou Dynasty with a single faith, so that it adapts to the unified empire, and at the same time, through the construction of the “Emperor Ancestor Temple” to achieve the purpose of blessing the empire lasting forever. Judging from the story that the Red Emperor’son killed the White emperor’s son, which was Liu Bang group made up at the beginning of the uprising, they(the people from Chu state) still adhered to the positional belief, ignoring the system design of the unified faith of the Qin dynasty, and inherited the water ethics established by the Qin Empire after setting up their regime in central Shaanxi province. The emperor Liu Bang, whether “chopping snake” or “inheriting the Qin Dynasty”, was actually a negation of the “legitimacy” and “orthodox” of the Qin Dynasty. The measures and attitudes of Qin Shihuang (emperor of Qin dynasty) and Han Gaozu (empror of Han Dynasty) about the National sacrificial system are like a dialogue across time and space, showing the invisible and intense changes of thought in the Qin and Han dynasties. The five virtues (five elements) beliefs were complex and changeable from the Qin Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is of great significance to sort them out.