自然·社会·个人——论马克思“人的解放”思想的三个层面

Nature·Society·Individual——Three Aspects of Marx’s Thought of “Human Emancipation”

人作为对象性的自由存在物,在个人的存在与本质、个人生命本质与人的类本质之间存在着内在的分裂,这些分裂具体展现为人与自然界、人与他人以及个体生命活动与生命本质关系的异化,人的解放正是克服这些异化关系而实现人的全面自由。因此,人的解放可以从三个层面来理解:人与自然的和解而实现人的类本质,建立理想社会作为个人本质与类本质真实关联的现实机制,克服个人存在与本质的矛盾实现自由全面的发展。共产主义中人的解放就是其最终实现。

According to Marx,human beings are objective and free,and there are internal divisions between individual existence and essence,and between individual essence and essence of species. These divisions specifically exhibit themselves in the alienation of the relationships between human and nature,individual and others as well as individual existence and essence. Human emancipation is to overcome these alienated relationships and achieve human freedom in an all-round way. Therefore,human emancipation can be understood in three aspects: achieving the essence of species by reconciliation between human and nature,establishing an ideal society as a real mechanism of the real connection between individual essence and essence of species,and realizing free and all-round development by overcoming the contradiction between individual existence and essence. Communism is the ultimate realization of human emancipation.