“帮工关系”的内涵改造与体系位移——兼论无偿个人帮工关系人身保护公平责任的构建

Connotation Transformation and System Displacement to “Helper Relationship”——On the Equitable Liability for Personal Protection of Individual Gratuitous Helper Relationship

从《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行〈中华人民共和国民法通则〉若干问题的意见》到《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,再到《侵权责任法》,帮工关系存在体系位移。《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》中的帮工关系包含无偿个人劳务关系和无偿个人帮工关系两种类型,应当按照《侵权责任法》的立法模式进行内涵改造,将无偿个人劳务关系与有偿个人劳务关系合并为个人劳务关系,将无偿个人帮工关系与有偿个人帮工关系合并为个人帮工关系。有偿个人帮工关系不适用人身保护公平责任。无偿个人帮工关系人身保护公平责任的正当性在于,帮工人创造的利益本来拟赠予被帮工人,由于被帮工人的拒绝未能达成赠予协议。帮工人用自己创造的利益来填补自己的损害,具有最佳的合理性。适当补偿责任数额存在受益范围限制,因金额一般较小,实用价值欠佳。在第三人不能确定或者没有赔偿能力的情形下,可以补充适用无偿个人帮工关系人身保护公平责任。不应将无偿个人帮工关系人身保护公平责任作为优先顺位的救济手段,应当建立多顺位补偿机制。

The regulations from the Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China (For Trial Implementation) to the Judicial Interpretation on Personal Injury,and then Tort Liability Law,have experienced system displacement on helper relationship. There are two types of helper relationships in the Judicial Interpretation on Personal Injury,which include individual gratuitous service relationship and individual gratuitous helper relationship. They should be reformed according to the legislation mode of Tort Liability Law,which means the individual gratuitous service relationship and individual paid service relationship should be merged into one individual service,and individual gratuitous helper relationship and individual paid helper relationship should be merged into one individual helper. The equitable liability for personal protection can’t be applied to individual paid helper relationship. While the foundation of it in individual gratuitous helper relationship is that the benefit created by the helper was intended to be given to the helped party,but the donation agreement could not be reached due to the rejection of it. It’s the best for the helpers to fill their own damages with their own interests. The compensation liability for relief is limited by benefit,which is usually small,so the practical effect is poor. When the third party is uncertain or unable to compensate,we can take the equitable liability as a complementary rule in individual gratuitous helper relationship. However,we should build multi-level compensation mechanism instead of considering it as the priority.