后果最大化与日常道德的限制

Maximization of consequences and common everyday morals

斯马特对于功利主义的后果定义的重新界定,从行为者中立的立场上提出后果事态最大化好作为评价行为的标准。威廉斯指出,如果人们遵循这一后果最大化好的标准行事,则将导致对人的完整性的破坏和人的异化。卡根指出,斯马特的行动后果主义的问题在于没有尊重日常道德的限制,日常道德要求我们关注自己的利益,同时也要求我们所做的不超出日常道德的限制。然而,卡根同时认为,日常道德与直觉也并不是完全可靠的。他的观点将后果主义与日常道德的要求相结合,从而提出了一种改进了的后果主义。

Smart's redefinition of the consequences of utilitarianism considered the maximization of consequences as a criterion for evaluating behavior from the perspective of actor neutrality.Williams argued that this criterion will cause moral erosion and alienation.Kagan stated that consequentialism does not respect the common everyday morals which cares for our own interests and also places limitations on us.Kagan also pointed out that everyday morals and intuition are not always reliable.However,he put weigh on both consequentialism and common everyday morals,thus presenting an improved consequentialism.