14至18世纪欧洲黑死病时期的文学禳灾

Disaster Removal in Literature during the Black Death Period in Europe from the 14th Century to the 18th Century

1347—1772年期间流行于欧洲的黑死病对欧洲社会各个方面都产生了广泛而剧烈的影响,其间欧洲人为禳除灾害做出了宗教、医学、艺术文化等多方面的努力,本文重点关注其中的"文学禳灾",探讨特定的疾病灾害环境如何影响并激发了人们的文学艺术的创作。在医学尚且蒙昧的时期,上帝降罪与占星学等非人为因素,与犹太人、宗教异端等人为因素被当作致病原与"替罪羊"。恐惧支配下当时的艺术创作中诞生了"蛆虫""箭头"等创作意象与"死神之舞"等创作主题,与《十日谈》《大瘟疫年纪事》等文学作品。与此同时,艺术创作中的圣像祈祷与书写分发瘟疫传单成为主要的禳灾防御措施。

The Black Death had wide and severe impacts on the overall European society during 1347 to 1772 when it prevailed in Europe. During the time, Europeans strived to avert calamities in various areas such as religion, medicine, art and culture etc. However, this paper focuses on the averting calamity in literature, exploring how the specific surrounding of diseases influences and inspires people in a literary and artistic way. When medicine was undeveloped, the non-human factors such as God's judge and astrology were regarded as pathogens and scapegoats along with the human factors such as Jews and religious heresy. Under the control of fear, the literature created different literary images and literary themes. For example, the images of 'maggots' and 'arrows' were made, and the theme of 'Dance of Death' was created. Also, some literary works such as 'The Decameron' and 'The Age of the Great Plague' were written. At the same time, praying and the distribution of plague leaflets, which were both mentioned in the literature, have become the primary precautions for averting calamities.