森林生态系统服务价值及其补偿校准——以马尾松林为例

Research on the value of forest ecosystem services and compensation in a Pinus massoniana forest

森林补偿资金分配与生态系统服务脱钩,是长期以来制约森林生态保护制度发挥作用的关键因素。建立森林生态保护成效与资金分配挂钩的激励约束机制,对于完善生态补偿制度、保障国家生态安全具有重要意义。以马尾松林为例,运用野外调查、实验室实验等方法,精准计量评价马尾松林的固碳、水源涵养、固土保肥、生物多样性等4种主要生态系统服务;以皮尔(R.Pearl)生长曲线为基础构建生态补偿算法,测算基于生态系统服务价值的马尾松林补偿标准。第一,马尾松林生态系统服务价值为10335.86—16358.06元hm^(-2)a^(-1),固碳价值为165.93—521.03元hm^(-2)a^(-1),水源涵养价值为5024.47—11788.30元hm^(-2)a^(-1),固土保肥价值为3597.84—6405.04元hm^(-2)a^(-1),生物多样性价值为178.57—1346.15元hm^(-2)a^(-1)。第二,固碳价值、固土保肥价值在空间上呈现出随纬度增加而减小的格局,水源涵养价值、生物多样性价值与前两者分布格局相反。植被类型、经营方式影响马尾松林生态系统服务价值,混交林生态系统服务价值大于纯林,间伐补植的马尾松林生态系统服务价值高于皆伐后营造的林分。第三,马尾松林生态系统服务补偿标准为0.15×10~3—1.43×10~3元hm^(-2)a^(-1),大小主要受生态系统服务单价影响。本研究为森林生态系统服务精确计量评价、森林生态系统服务补偿标准的确定提供科学量化的依据。

The separation from forest compensation allocation and forest ecosystem services has been a long-term barrier for restricting proper functioning of forest ecological conservation. It is of great significance to establish an incentive and restrictive mechanism coupling the effects of forest conservation with allocation of forest compensation funds in order to improve the ecological compensation system and ensure national ecological security. In this study,we selected Masson pine( Pinus massoniana) forests as the research target and used field investigation and laboratory analysis to accurately evaluatethe value of four main ecosystem services in the forests,namely carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection. Based on a classic growth curve( Raymond Pearl),an ecological compensation algorithm was developed to determine the standard compensation value for ecosystem services in Masson pine forests. The results showed that,firstly,the total ecosystem services value of Masson pine forests ranged from 10335.86-16358.06 yuan hm^-2a^-1,with the four services valued at 165.93-521. 03;5024. 47-11788. 30;3597. 84-6405. 04;and 178. 57-1346.15 yuan hm^-2a^-1for carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection,respectively. Secondly,the spatial pattern of carbon sequestration and soil fertility conservation value decreased with increasing latitude;whereas,the water conservation and biodiversity protection value increased with latitude. The forest ecosystem services value was also affected by vegetation types and forest management practices,as it was higher in the mixed Masson pine stands compared to the pure Masson pine stands and was higher in the stands that had undergone thinning and replanting by silvicultural practices compared to the afforestation stands after clear cutting. Lastly,the forest ecosystem services standard compensation value in Masson pine forests ranged from 0.15-1.43 × 103 yuan hm^-2a^-1which was determined by the unit price of forest ecosystem services. This study provides a quantitative basis for measuring and evaluating forest ecosystem services and standard compensation value accurately.