家庭农场商事主体资格的建构

Construction Family Farms' Commercial Subjects

家庭农场是我国新型农业生产经营体系的重要组成部分之一,已经成为乡村振兴发展不可或缺的力量。与民事人格不同,商事人格需要经过法律的拟制和确认才得以成立。然而,商事主体法律规则的缺失,造成了家庭农场主体资格认定标准混乱,财产要素、劳动力要素和责任承担要素认定模糊等一系列现实问题,阻碍了家庭农场制度功能的发挥。因此,对家庭农场商事法律主体地位的明确就成为应对其他问题的先决条件。从目前陕西省家庭农场的规范文本和实践的角度审视,家庭农场商事主体需要从营业能力和注册登记两个层面进行制度构造。在不同形态的商事主体制度比较中,有限责任公司的组织形式能够满足家庭农场规模经营需求,有助于健全农村信用体系和促进家庭农场制度可持续发展,保护农民个人财产利益,是理想的家庭农场商事主体制度选择。

Family farms are one of the important components of new agricultural production and management system in China. Unlike civil personality, the commercial personality needs to be established through the legal fiction and confirmation. However, the absence of commercial subjects’ rules has caused a series of practical problems such as the confusion of family farm subjects qualification standards, the vague identification of major business factors and so on, which prevented the development of family farms. Therefore, the clarification of family farms’ legal status is a prerequisite for dealing with other issues. Taking normative documents and practices of family farms in Shaanxi Province as an example, we analyze the structure of family farms’ commercial subjects from two aspects: business abilities and registration. In comparison of different commercial forms’ characteristics, that family farms are registered as limited liability corporations has more advantages, which can not only promote sustainable development of family farms, but also improve rural credit systems and protect farmers’ property interests.