不同含氯肥料用量对黄土区苹果产量、品质及氯素分布的影响

Effects of chlorine-containing fertilizer dosage on yield,quality of apple and Cl-distribution in Loess Area

【目的】探究含氯肥料对苹果产量、品质及土壤、树体Cl^-含量分布的影响,为苹果园合理利用含氯肥料资源提供参考依据。【方法】以黄土高原地区旱地和水浇地两种水分条件不同的8年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,在田间设5个含氯肥料用量处理:CK(0kg/hm^(2 )Cl^-)、T1(113kg/hm^(2 )Cl^-)、T2(226kg/hm^(2 )Cl^-)、T3(763kg/hm^2Cl^-)和T4(1 300kg/hm^(2 )Cl^-),每处理3次重复,随机区组排列,各处理N、P、K养分投入量一致,于成熟期测定苹果产量、品质及叶片和果实中Cl^-含量,并且测定0～200cm土层Cl^-含量。【结果】无论是旱地还是水浇地苹果园,不同处理苹果产量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、维生素C含量均无显著差异。随着肥料中Cl^-用量的增加,旱地和水浇地苹果树果实和叶片中Cl^-含量均有所提高,且T4处理Cl^-均显著高于CK(P<0.05),其中旱地苹果园中T4处理果实和叶片Cl^-含量分别较CK显著增加了62.16%和311.02%(P<0.05),水浇地苹果园中T4处理果实和叶片Cl^-较CK分别显著增加了20.11%和46.55%。含氯肥料用量的增加促进了不同果园土壤中Cl^-的累积,而旱地和水浇地果园土壤Cl^-含量垂直分布规律明显不同,其中旱地苹果园土壤Cl^-主要分布在0～100cm土层,而水浇地果园土壤Cl^-主要分布在100～200cm土层。【结论】在黄土高原地区,无论是旱地还是水浇地苹果园,肥料中Cl^-用量的增加均提高了苹果叶片、果实及土壤Cl^-含量,但中短期施用不会对苹果产量及品质产生不良影响,因此适量低成本的含氯肥料(氯化铵、氯化钾)可在黄土区苹果园中短期施用,且水浇地果园表现优于旱地。

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorine-containing fertilizers on yield and quality of apple and Cl^- distribution in soil and tree,so as to provide basis for proper utilization of chlorine-containing fertilizers in apple orchards.【Method】Two 8-year-old Red Fuji apple orchards with different moisture conditions in arid and irrigated areas of the Loess Plateau were selected and five treatments with different chloride amounts including CK(0 kg/hm 2 Cl^-),T1(113 kg/hm^2 Cl^-),T2(226 kg/hm^2 Cl^-),T3(763 kg/hm^2 Cl^-)and T4(1 300 kg/hm^2 Cl^-)were designed.Each treatment had three replicates and all treatments were arranged randomly with same N,P and K inputs.The yield and quality of apple and Cl^- content in leaves and fruits were measured at maturity stage,and contents of Cl^- in the soil depth of 0-200 cm were determined.【Result】There were no significant differences in apple yield,soluble solids,titratable acidity,soluble sugar,and vitamin C between different treatments in irrigated orchards and dry orchards.With the increase of Cl^-input in fertilizers,the Cl^-contents in fruits and leaves of apple tree increased in dry and irrigated fields,and Cl^-contents of T4 treatment were significantly higher than CK(P<0.05).Cl^-contents of T4 in fruits and leaves of dry orchards increased significantly by 62.16%and 311.02%compared to CK,and those in irrigated land significantly increased by 20.11%and 46.55%,respectively.Cl^-accumulation in different orchard soils was increased with the increasing application of chlorine-containing fertilizers,while the vertical distribution of Cl^-in soil was significantly different in dry land and irrigated fields.The concentration of Cl^-in the dry orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 0-100 cm,while the Cl^-concentration in the irrigated orchard soil was mainly distributed in the layer of 100-200 cm.【Conclusion】The Cl^-content in apple leaves,fruits and soil improved with the increase of Cl^-input in both dry land and irrigated land in the Loess Plateau.Short-term application did not adversely affect the yield and quality of apple.Therefore,low cost chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride could be applied with moderate dose in apple orchards for short-term,and irrigated orchards performed better than dry land.