康德历史哲学的三个向度

Three Dimensions of Kant’s Philosophy of History

康德的历史观不仅带有其批判哲学的显著先验特征,更具有辩证性和实践性内涵;后者缓和了其批判哲学的"形而上学"特质,揭开了德国古典哲学辩证思维的序幕。康德历史哲学可以从时间性本质、辩证性内核、实践性归宿三个角度来建构。其时间性微观上在于人的特殊经验性行动所占据的连续时间段,宏观上则在于一切这样的经验现象和连续时间段构成的时间整体或世界整体。其辩证性主要表现在人性的非社会的社会性上,康德的人性概念自身具有内在矛盾性,这正是其历史发展观中人性和道德的发展完善的根本动力。其历史哲学的实践性归宿必须从政治共同体和伦理共同体两个角度去思考,并且政治共同体或永久和平状态有赖于道德的政治家自觉履行其法权义务;道德(哲学)和政治的这种相容性思考在一定程度上继承了柏拉图和亚里士多德政治学的问题意识与思维方式。

Kant's view of history not only carries the distinctive priori characteristics of his critical philosophy,but also has dialectical and practical connotations;the latter eases the"metaphysical"traits of his critical philosophy and serves as a prelude to the dialectical thinking of German classical philosophy.Kant's philosophy of history can be constructed from three perspectives:its temporality essence,dialectical core and practical destination.The temporality consists microscopically in continuous time segment of people's special experiential actions,and macroscopically in the whole time or the whole world being constituted by all such empirical phenomena and continuous time periods.His dialectical nature mainly lies in his idea of human nature's unsocial sociability,the inherently contradictory human nature of Kant's concept,and it is the fundamental driving force for the development of human nature and morality in the historical development concept.His practical destination of historical philosophy must be reflected from two points:political community and ethical community.Political community or permanent peace depends on virtuous politicians'consciousness of performing their legal obligations,and Kant's viewpoint on the compatibility of morality(philosophy)and politics has inherited to some extent the politics problem consciousness and the way of thinking from Plato and Aristotle.