文学旅游产品的层次结构——基于多案例比较分析

Hierarchical Structure of Literary Tourism Products: Based on Multi-case Comparison Analysis

以周庄古戏台、三毛茶楼、高密莫言旧居和济宁水泊梁山为案例,采用参与观察和访谈,研究文学旅游产品的层次结构。研究表明:文学旅游产品的层次结构可以划分为材料层、形式层和意蕴层三个层次,各个层次间存在递进关系。其中,材料层是文学旅游作品的物质载体,不同类型的文学旅游地,对材料的选择是不一样的,与真实生活关联的文学旅游地多选择作者生活中的器物、居住环境、学习环境以及社会文化环境,与作品关联的文学旅游地往往会挑选文学作品中的著名人物、经典场景和故事情节;形式层以材料层为基础,材料影响着形式的表达,与作者相关的文学旅游地多借助于照片、书信等,形式相对单一,与之相比,与作品关联的文学旅游地表现形式相对丰富,可以选择雕像、表演、影视、音乐、曲艺等多种形式;意蕴层是文学旅游产品的深层结构,它需要借助材料和形式加以表达,一般来说,文学旅游产品的意蕴要遵循作者和作品的原意,虽然文学旅游地的意蕴主要是由开发商安排,但读者有选择和重新编码文学意蕴的能力。

Taking Zhouzhuang Ancient Stage,Sanmao Tea House,Gaomi Mo Yan Old House and Jining Liangshan Water Park as cases,the hierarchical structure of literary tourism products is studied by observation and interview.Result shows that the hierarchical structure of literary tourism products can be divided into three levels: material level,formal level and implication level,among which progressive relationship lies.Material level is the material carrier of literary tourism works: different types of literary tourist places have different choices of materials.Literary tourism sites associated with real life prefer those artifacts,living environment,learning environment,and social and cultural environment of those authors,while literary tourist places associated with literary works often choose famous characters,classic scenes and storylines of those literary works.The form level is based on the material level,with the latter influences the former.Literary tourist places related to the author mostly rely simply on photos,letters and so on,while literary tourist destination forms are relatively rich,including statues,performances,film and television,music,folk art forms and other forms.The implication level is the deep structure of literary tourism products,which needs to be expressed by means of materials and forms.Generally speaking,the implication of literary tourism products should follow the original meaning of the author and his works.Although the implication of the literary tourist destination is mainly arranged by the developer,the reader is the one to choose and re-encode the literary implication.