反思中国传统文化中“义务”之公平性

Reflection on the Fairness of “Obligation” in Chinese Traditional Culture

在中国传统社会中,与义务对应的主要是权力而不是权利,是权力义务关系为主,权利义务关系为辅。权利义务关系的不公平表现在权利义务的总量比例失衡,义务多权利少;"一般权利和义务关系"较为欠缺,"特殊权利和义务关系"普遍存在;权利义务关系的客体多指向积极作为的"行为",更强调其中的义务性。在权力义务关系中,虽然理论上也主张双方均有义务,但实践中落实的是"臣事君以忠",而"君待臣以礼"仅限于道德说教;混淆了其中的法律权力与道德权力、法律义务与道德义务。"父为子纲,夫为妻纲"比"君为臣纲"布下了更为严密的权力网络,权力义务关系渗透在一切人际关系中,尽管为其注入了亲情,但主色调仍是义务。这种状况至今没有根本转变。

In the traditional Chinese society,it is mainly power rather than rights that corresponding to obligations.The relationship between power and obligation counts while the relationship between rights and obligations is minor.The unfair relationship between rights and obligations is manifested in the imbalance of the total amount of rights and obligations,fewer rights and more obligations;the relationship of“general rights and obligations”is relatively deficient,and the relationship of“special rights and obligations”is universal;the object of the relationship between rights and obligations often refers to the“behavior”of positive actions and emphasizes the obligation.In the relationship between powers and obligations,both sides are supposed to have obligations in theory.However,“the minister serves the monarch with loyalty”is implemented in practice,while“the monarch treats the minister with courtesy”is only confined to moral preaching which confuses legal power and moral power,legal obligation and moral obligation.“Father guides son,husband guides wife”laid down a more rigorous power network than“monarch guides minister”.The relationship of powers and obligations permeated in all interpersonal relations,though it is injected with affections,but the obligations are still dominant.This situation has not changed fundamentally so far.