论“永嘉四灵”诗之“清苦”

On the Poverty of the Poems of the Four Poets in Yongjia

自严羽始,古代文学批评家常以"清苦"评"永嘉四灵"的诗歌。"四灵"皆为中下层文人,避世清贫的生活是他们"清苦"诗风的现实根源。由于"四灵"反对江西诗派"资书以为诗"的创作,故"四灵"诗少用典故,于颈联求工,以期凭借语言的陌生化实现新颖脱俗之风;又多即景写作,以细小萧飒的意象营造凄冷野寂之意境。"四灵"诗之"清苦"也在很大程度上体现了宋诗平淡化、议论化、内向化的特点。

From the beginning of Yan Yu in Song Dynasty, Chinese ancient critics tended to use the word "poverty" to command the style of the poems of the four poets in Yongjia. The four poets in Yongjia were literati from middle and lower classes. The poor life was the main realistic source of creation. Because the four poets in Yongjia were against the way of poetry writing of theschool of poetry Jiangxi. They did not agree with them on writing poem mainly depending on books. There was less allusions inthe poems of the four poets in Yongjia. They created a fresh and refined style by defamiliarization of words. In the scenery poetry, they created a cold and bleak world by using desolate images. The "poverty" characteristics of the poems of the four poets in Yongjia largely embodied that the poems of the Song dynasty were flat, expositive and introversive.