托尔斯泰现实主义美学原则和伦理化的审美理想论略

Tolstoy's Realistic Aesthetic Principles and Ethical Aesthetic Ideals

托尔斯泰在长达半个多世纪的文学艺术创作中特别重视、强调并遵循现实主义美学原则,始终坚守其宗教伦理化的审美理想。他的美学原则主要体现在重视文学艺术与社会生活的关系、重视文学艺术的真实性、典型化和人民性等四个方面。托尔斯泰的审美理想主要表现在对于真善美三者的关系上,且倾向于使真和美皆伦理化而向善融通。一方面善被托尔斯泰确定为宗教意识,并作为美的内容;真被确定为人类的生活本质,并作为善的依据和实现善的条件。另一方面在真善美三者关系上,善被视为中心和内核,美与真则彼此互为条件,两者都趋于善,且都融入善之中。

Tolstoy paid special attention to emphasized and followed the principles of realistic aesthetics in his literary and artistic creations for more than half a century. He always adhered to his aesthetic ideal of religious ethics. His aesthetic principles are mainly reflected in the four aspects of attaching importance to the relationship between literature and art and social life, and attaching importance to the truthfulness, typification and people of literature and art. His aesthetic ideals are manifested in the relationship between the true, the good, and the beautiful, which tends to make the truth and the beauty ethically good: beauty is good (religious awareness) as content, truth (the essence of human life) as a basis for good and to fulfill the conditions for good;good is the center and the core, and the beauty and truth are conditions for each other, tend to be and integrate into the good.