新中国人大选举组织体系的演化模式

The Evolution Pattern of the Electoral Organization System of NPC of PRC

从政治过程和民主规范的角度看,人大选举组织体系是一项事关人民代表大会质量,乃至于中国民主政治发展的关键制度。1953年至今,人大选举组织体系已历经六十年有余,但是,却少有系统梳理其发展演变的研究。实际上,新中国人大选举组织体系经历了从"行政机关主导"到"行政—立法机关协作",再到"立法机关主导"的演化模式。虽然这三种模式下的人大选举组织体系因其主导的中坚力量不同而有所差异,但从本质上看,它们都是党领导下的自上而下动员、组织的三级分工模式:最高层负责整体部署,中间层负责协调指导,基层负责组织选举。未来中国人大选举组织体系可从理性化与公正性两方面加以完善。在理性化方面,应补充制订党参与人大选举事务的相关规范,同时考虑在全国人大常委会设立专门的代表选举与联络机构;在公正性方面,应先从理论上建构符合中国国情的选举组织规范,而后再考虑相关制度的完善。

From the perspective of political process and democratic norms, the electoral organization system of NPC is a key system concerning the quality of people’s congress and even the development of China’s democratic politics. The electoral system of NPC has gone through more than 60 years since 1953. However, there are few systematic studies on sorting out its development and evolution. In fact, the electoral organization system of NPC of PRC has experienced the evolution pattern from“pattern led by administrative organ”to“administrative-legislative cooperative pattern”and then to“pattern led by legislative organ”. Although these three modes of the electoral organization system of NPC are different due to the differences of their leading backbone forces, however, in essence, they are the three-level separated mode mobilized from top to bottom and organized under the leadership of the Party: the top level is responsible for overall deployment, the middle level is responsible for coordination and guidance, and the basic level is responsible for organizing elections. In the future, China’s electoral organization system can be improved in terms of rationalization and fairness. In terms of rationalization, relevant regulations on the Party’s participation in the election affairs of NPC should be formulated as a supplement and establishing special representative election and organ for contacting should be considered in the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress;in terms of fairness, it is necessary to construct the election organization norms in accordance with China’s national conditions in theory, and then to consider the improvement of relevant systems.