试论马基雅维利对西塞罗的“反叛”与继承——以《君主论》与《论义务(卷一)》对照为例

On Machiavelli's “Rebellion” and Inheritance of Cicero:Taking The Prince and On Duties(Book Ⅰ) as an Example

文艺复兴是西方历史中的重要时期。它既以复兴古典文化为己任,又直接奠立起现代性的根基,为理解古今关系提供了难得的契机。本文通过文艺复兴时期思想家马基雅维利最知名的作品《君主论》与古罗马政治家西塞罗《论义务》两书间的对应关系入手,指出两人思想中的继承性远大于表面上的对立。马基雅维利那些看似离经叛道的论述,其实与西塞罗笔下诸多古典教义分享着同样的思维逻辑,尤其是两人的核心概念"Virtù"与"Officium"间存在直接对应关系。笔者试图以此反思现代早期对古典文明传承与"再造"问题。

In Western history, Renaissance is an important period. It not only revives the classical culture, but also directly lays the foundation of modernity, which provides a precious opportunity to understand the relationship between the ancient and the modern. This paper starts with the inquiry about the relationship between the Renaissance thinker Machiavelli s most famous work The Prince and the ancient Roman politician Cicero's On Duties , in order to point out that the inheritance of these two thinkers are far greater than seen from the surface. Machiavelli's seemingly unorthodox discourses share the same logic of thinking with Cicero's many classical teachings, shown especially in the similarity between the two core concepts, Virtù and Officium . The author tries to take this as an example to reflect on the issue of the inheritance and “recreating” of classical civilization in the early modern times.