周秦以降“礼乐为虚名”说考辨

The textual research for the theory of “Li-Yue system became a nominal system” since Zhou and Qin Dynasty

周秦之际,是中国礼乐文明发生转折的关键时期。北宋欧阳修将这一时期的变化概括为:"由三代而上,治出于一,而礼乐达于天下。由三代而下,治出于二,而礼乐为虚名。"实际上,周秦以降,礼乐与政治的关系有二:一是在西晋以后"以礼入法",二是在朝仪、仪注以及家礼书仪的制定中均有士人的斟酌、思考在内,儒家伦理思想在建立公共秩序中发挥了显著作用。欧阳修的崇礼观念与宋代士大夫群体意识的高涨,以及六朝隋唐以来佛教的盛行有关。这种观念是宋代士人在国力衰弱情形下不得已在文化上寻求历史地位的做法,但忽视了汉代以后儒家学术、文化渗入政治,并进一步在社会普及的历史实际进程。

It’s a critical period for the transition of Chinese Li-Yue Civilization during the Zhou and Qin Dynasty.Ouyang Xiu,a person in North Song Dynasty,summarized it as:“Before the three Dynasties of Xia,Shang and Zhou,rules were formulated from one aspect so the Li-Yue prevailed in the society.After that,rules were formulated from two aspects so the Li-Yue lost its power.” In fact,after Zhou and Qin Dynasties,Li-Yue had two kinds of relationship with the politics.One was“Putting the ritual into the legal ”which came into being after Jin Dynasty.Second was putting Confucian scholars’consideration into the formulation of ritual in the court,ritual annotation and ritual at home etc.Confucian ethics had great contribute to public order.The concept of advocating ritual proposed by Ouyang Xiu was related to the upsurge of group consciousness of scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty and the prevailing of Buddhism since Six Dynasties.The Song Dynasty scholars held this concept because they could only seek historical status in culture in the case of weak national power.But they ignored the historical actual process that Confucian academic and culture had infiltrated into politics and had further popularization in society.