重庆玉米洞遗址发现的骨角牙制品初步研究

A preliminary research on the bone, antler and tooth artifacts from the Yumidong site in Chongqing

在狩猎采集经济的旧石器时代,古人类依赖动物而生存。作为动物资源的副产品,骨角牙制品是古人类对肉食资源深度开发利用的表现。玉米洞遗址是重庆巫山县新发现的一处文化面貌特殊的旧石器时代洞穴遗址,其骨角牙制品颇具特色。本文主要对该遗址的骨角牙制品进行初步的类型学研究,将观察的材料分为骨器(n=104)、骨片(n=2)、骨断块(n=5)、牙器(n=6)和角器(n=3)进行详细记述;同时试图从操作链角度分析该遗址骨角牙制品的制作技术和反映的人类行为,显示出古人类简单粗放、灵活高效的技术特征和生存策略;最后对该遗址出土骨角牙器的时代及古人类行为现代性问题进行了探讨,认为玉米洞的骨角牙器的时代介于中更新世-早全新世,简单加工骨角牙制品与精致加工骨角器之间存在连续或断续的发展演变关系,以骨角器的发现作为衡量中国古人类"行为现代性"的标准需要重新考量。

In the Paleolithic age with the hunter-gatherer economy,ancient humans lived with and depended on animals for survival under the same environment.Ancient humans further developed and utilized meat resources to produce bone-horn-tooth tools,which were kinds of byproducts of animals.The Yumidong site,discovered newly in Wushan county of Chongqing,is a Paleolithic cave site special for its cultural feature.Bone-horn-tooth tools from the site are quite characteristic.In this paper,the author mainly preliminarily studied typology of bone-horn-tooth tools from the site and recorded relevant materials into bone tools(n=104),bone flakes(n=2),bone chunks(n=5),tooth tools(n=6)and antler tools(n=3)in detail.At the same time,the author tried to analyze manufacturing technology of the bone-horn-tooth tools and human behaviors from a cha?ne opératoire,indicating simplicity,flexibility,efficiency,and survival strategy of ancient human.At last,the author discussed the age of the excavated bone-horn-tooth tools and behavioral modernity of ancient humans,showing that the age of bone-horn-tooth tools from the Yumidong site ranged from middle Pleistocene to early Holocene.There was the continuous or discontinuous development between simple tools and formal tools,but it is necessary to reconsider standards for judging Behavioral Modernity of ancient humans in China.