预防性酷刑的刑法学思辨——兼评功利主义的相关局限

Theoretical Analysis of Preventive Torture from the Perspective of Criminal Law —— A Comment on Related Limitations of Utilitarianism

反恐战争爆发以后,美国政界一度默许了对恐怖主义嫌疑人施用"预防性酷刑",并通过提高构成酷刑罪所需的"疼痛结果"将相关行为合法化。当前,绝对禁止酷刑已成国际社会共识;之所以"预防性酷刑"还会引发争论,根源在于功利主义对刑法学的影响。因为按照功利主义衡量标准,"预防性酷刑"可能适用阻却违法性或有责性的紧急避险。然而,这种标准本身带有不合理性,并可能导致侵犯基本伦理原则的后果。所以,刑法学应当为伦理规范保留必要空间,按照"规范"加"法益"的二元标准判定"预防性酷刑"的刑事责任。

After the outbreak of the war on terror, the American political circle once acquiesced to the infliction of "preventive torture"to terror suspects and legalized relevant acts by increasing the pain result that was needed to form"torture."Theabsolute prohibition of torture has become a consensus of the international community nowadays, but the origin of the debate of "preventive torture"comes from the influence of utilitarianism on criminal law. This is because necessity eliminating illegality orliability may apply to it in light of the utilitarian measuring criterion. However, that criterion itself has some irrationality, and it might lead to consequences in violation of basic ethics. Therefore, there should be necessary space which is reserved for ethics and norms in criminal law, so we can decide the criminal liability for"preventive torture"according to the binary criterion consisting of both"norms"and"legal interests."