义理下的史学:朱熹对《史记》的认识与评价

History under the Rule of Neo-Confucianism:Zhu Xi's Understanding and Evaluation on Shiji

朱熹出于义理之学的立场,对"是非颇谬于圣人"的司马迁《史记》表示了不满、贬低和否定,认为《史记》的价值不如四书和五经,存在尊孔不力和尊儒不醇的现象;认为《史记》的书法记载无序,衔接不密,并对其史实错误作了揭露。朱熹对《史记》的批判,也缘于他与浙东学派吕祖谦等人的学术竞争,针对后者尊崇史学、重视《史记》的行为,朱熹表示反对。但是,重视格物致知、承认知识价值的朱熹,在强调"尊德性"的同时,也主张"道问学",为此又对《史记》记事的客观性及其史料价值、读史地位表示认可。朱熹对《史记》的评价,主要以其义理之学的立场为标准,以是否尊经重儒为准绳,而较少考虑《史记》在史学拓荒中的奠基作用。

Zhu Xi expressed dissatisfaction,devaluation,and negation for Sima Qian’s Shiji from the standpoint of Neo-Confucianism.He believed that the value of Shiji was not as good as that of Four Books and Five Classics,and there was a lack of respect for Confucius.He believed that the calligraphy records of Shiji were disorderly,bad connection,and expose it’s historical errors.Zhu Xi’s criticism to Shiji was also due to his academic competition with the east Zhejiang school Lv Zu-qian and others.Zhu Xi opposed the latter’s behavior of respecting history and attaching importance to Shiji.However,Zhu Xi also recognized the objectivity of the records in Shiji,its historical data value and and the status of reading history.Zhu Xi’s evaluation on Shiji was mainly based on the position of his theory of Neo-Confucianism,and whether to respect Confucianism,less considerated the foudational role of Shiji in the pioneering history.