土地调整的政治逻辑:对土地集体所有权的再思考

The Political Dynamics of Land Adjustment: Re-thinking of the Collective Land Ownership

在实地调查的基础上,以土地调整为切入点,试图重新理解"集体"和土地集体所有权。尽管近年来的土地制度改革使土地调整的空间不断被压缩,各地仍有不少自发的土地调整实践,因为农民无论从生存权、农业生产效率,还是从集体供应公共品的能力方面,都对土地调整有诉求。在此基础上,文章进一步考察了土地调整背后的政治逻辑,并发现土地调整的成功,需要村级组织不断处理过去的矛盾和问题,从而形成村庄秩序;也需要村集体不断将村民动员起来,无论是在土地调整方案的形成、钉子户的处理,还是在村民参与公共事务的积极性方面。正是在土地调整中,"集体"的土地权利可以被激活,"集体"的能动性可以得到发挥,因此,土地制度改革需要给村集体留出实践其所有权的空间。

Based on field researches,this paper attempts to re-think the"rural collective"and the collective land ownership by looking into land adjustment.Although the institutional space for land adjustment practice has been narrowed down in recent years,there are spontaneous land adjustment practices in different parts of China.This is because of the peasants'strong demand for equal division of land,land integration,and the"collective"to provide public goods.Furthermore,this paper explores the political dynamics of land adjustment,and has demonstrated that the success of land adjustment not only requires the village cadres to resolve the previous contradictions among villagers,so as to shape the village order,but also requires the mobilization of villagers to participate in the formation of land adjustment plans,in dealing with the nail households,and in playing active roles in public affairs.It has shown that the land ownership rights of"the village collective"could be activated by the adjustment of land.Therefore,the reform of land institutions should preserve the space for land adjustment.