中国文化“三段说”背景下的中国文学嬗变

A Study of Chinese Literary Evolution from the Perspective of “The Three Stages” in Chinese Culture

以笔者提出的中国文化"三段说"为依据,以帝王文化、士人文化、市民文化三个主要文化形态为参照标准,梳理中国文学的嬗变过程,从新的视角把握和审视中国文学演进的阶段变化和内在动因。在帝王文化背景下的先秦两汉文学具有鲜明的体现帝王阶层意志的特点,无论《诗经》、楚辞,还是史传散文、诸子散文、政论散文都深受帝王文化的影响。随着士族文人的人格独立,在士人文化背景下的魏晋至唐宋文学经历了从实用性文学向审美性文学的发展,诗歌、散文、辞赋、骈文、小说等文学样式有了突破性进展,有些甚至达到顶峰。在市民文化背景下的元明清文学实现了抒情文学向叙事文学的转变,市民成为文学的创作主体和接受主体,杂剧、戏曲、散曲和小说达到前所未有的高度。

Based on “the three stages” in Chinese culture put forward by the author, and with the three main cultural forms of imperial culture, scholar culture and citizen culture as the reference standard, this paper holds the new perspective to sort out the stage changes and internal causes of Chinese literary evolution. Under the background of the imperial culture, the literature of Pre-Qin to Han dynasties has the distinctive characteristics of the will of the imperial class. No matter The Book of Songs , Chuci (Ode of Chu), historical biography prose, various scholars’ prose and political prose are deeply influenced by the imperial culture. With the personality independence of the literati, the literature of Wei and Jin dynasties to Tang and Song dynasties under the background of scholar culture experiences the development from practical literature to aesthetic literature. Poetry, prose, Ci fu, parallel prose, fiction and other literary styles have made breakthroughs. Some even have reached the peak. Under the background of citizen culture, the literature of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties realizes the change from lyric literature to narrative literature. The citizens become the subject body of creation and acceptance of the literature. Zaju, opera, sanqu and fiction reach an unprecedented height.