墓室壁画与丝绸之路的宗教美术创新研究——兼论世界墓室壁画的比较意义

A Study of Innovations in Religious Art with Tomb Murals along the Silk Road and the Significance of Comparative Study of World Tomb Murals

目前,丝绸之路的宗教美术创新主要有新材料、新结构和新领域三条路径,其中新结构创新的成果最多,新领域创新的难度最大,也最为期待。在中国语境下,石窟艺术研究成果最多,墓室壁画研究则缺少系统性成果。通过墓室壁画的遗存梳理可以发现,中原文化的影响具有强大的辐射力,同时可以发现墓室壁画在佛教初传时期给予的支持比道教美术更加明确,孔望山摩崖造像是典型案例。在世界语境下,墓室壁画可以划分出中国及周边分布区、地中海沿岸分布区和中美洲分布区三个主要分布区,划分出彩绘墓室壁画、浅浮雕墓室壁画和线刻墓室壁画三个主要类型,以及划分出连续性生死转化和中断性生死转化两个信仰体系。由此,世界墓室壁画比较是一个创新明确的理论空间,在这一空间中,墓室壁画可以在世界艺术史上获得更高的地位,同时也可以为丝绸之路文明研究提供更加广阔的覆盖面。

Currently there are mainly three ways to study the innovations in religious art along the Silk Road,that is,new material,new structure and new field.Of them,it is the new field that is the most fruitful,the hardest and the most promising one as well.In Chinese context,there are many researches on grotto arts while it lacks a systematic study of tomb murals.With an investigation of the heritage of tomb murals,it finds that the Central Plains culture had exerted great influences on its neighboring areas and just as the Cliff Buddhist Sculptures of Kong-wang-shan demonstrated,tomb murals learned more from Buddhism than from Taoism in the initial transmission period of Buddhism.In the world context,tomb murals are mainly distributed in three areas,that is,China and its neighboring areas,Mediterranean Area and Central American Area with three types of painted ones,bas-reliefs and line-engravings.And it can be divided into two belief systems depending on whether the transformation between life and death is continuous or not.Therefore,the comparison between world tomb murals offers definite innovations for theoretic study in which tomb murals can enjoy a higher position in the history of world art and it can provide a larger scope to study the civilizations along the Silk Road.