从民间仪式到文化展演——湘西“苗族四月八”的人类学解读

From Folk Ritual to Stage Performance——An Anthropological Interpretation of Siyueba Festival of Miao People in Western Hunan Province

作为一种民间传统节日和文化叙事方式,湘西"苗族四月八"经历了一个从"民间仪式"到"文化展演"的变迁过程。在此期间,国家权力、市场经济、社会文化生态以及苗族文化自觉等因素都起着重要的影响与推动作用。随着旅游时代的到来,"四月八"的"文化真实"转而通过"舞台真实"的方式来表达。这种"真实性"取决于游客从自己的文化背景出发对东道主社会之文化展演的体验与解读;同时,这一变迁与转折又体现了湘西苗族在复杂多样的全球化背景下所做出的场景性选择,是其实践理性与生活智慧的折射。

As a traditional festival and a way of cultural narration, the Siyueba Festival (a festival falling on the eighth day of the fourth month in lunar calendar) of Miao people in western Hunan Province experiences a transition from "folk ritual" to "stage performance". During this process, factors such as state power, market economy, socio-cultural ecology and Miao cultural awareness play an important role of influence and promotion. With the advent of the tourism era, the "cultural truth" of Siyueba Festival is expressed through the way of "stage truth". This "authenticity" depends on the tourists' experience and interpretation of the cultural performances by the host society according to their own cultural backgrounds. At the same time, such a transition shows the contextual choice that the Miao people have made in the complex background of globalization, which is also the reflection of their practical reason and life wisdom.