丝路宗教交融:入华景教对摩尼教的吸取与借鉴

Silk Road Religious Integration: Assimilation and Reference of Nestorianism in China from Manichaeism

历史上多元宗教沿着丝绸之路传播,对中华古文化产生了一定的影响,尤其是摩尼教和景教,其传播时间大体相当,区域基本一致,二者长期水乳交融,互相容摄。景教亦即基督教聂斯脱里派,在中国传播福音时每每因循其情而开方便之门,大量援引摩尼教术语、概念及其思想。景教名称"景"的用法,当取法摩尼教之光明的崇拜;景教文献中经常出现的"三常",有可能指明界或"慈父明子净法风"等,亦为摩尼教首创之概念;景教信徒常采用的"舟船"譬喻亦借鉴于摩尼教。《圣经》所涉船只、船主皆为实指,而八篇敦煌景教文献之中凡涉舟船,皆为譬喻,船主耶稣形象颇近摩尼教之光明耶稣;圣母玛利亚在敦煌景教文献中写作"珉艳"或"末艳",而霞浦本《摩尼光佛》和屏南本《贞明开正文科》则称摩尼母为"末艳",敦煌本《摩尼光佛法仪略》又做"满艳"。摩尼教之"末艳""满艳"借自佛教"摩耶夫人",景教当又转借自摩尼教。

In history,diversified religions were spread along the Silk Road and had great influence on Chinese ancient culture.Manichaeism and Nestorianism,nearly had the same propagation time and region in ancient Chinese Silk Road.Nestorianism,also known as the Nestorian Christian,has always spread the Gospel in China,and widely quoted in Manichean terms,concepts and thoughts.Jingjiao’s use of"Jing"(景)was based on the Manichaean worship of light.The concept of"San Chang",which often appear in the literature of Nestorianism,may indicate the boundary of"The World of Light"(明界)or"Ci-fu Ming-ziJing-fa-feng"(慈父明子净法风),which is also the first concept of Manichaeism.Nestorianism adherents’figurative use of"Zhouchuan"(舟船)is also borrowed from Manicheanism.The ship and ship owners in Bible have practical significance,while all the boat owners involved in the eight Dunhuang Jingjiao documents are metaphors.The image of Jesus,the ship’s owner,is very close to the light of the manichean Jesus(光明耶稣).The virgin Mary wrote"Minyan"(珉艳)or"Moyan"(末艳)in the literature of Dunhuang Jingjiao,while the"ManiGuangfo"(《摩尼光佛》)in Xiapu and the"Z henming Kaizheng Wenke"(《贞明开正文科》)in Pingnan called the mother of Mani"Mo yan",and the"Manyan"in the"ManiGuangfu Yilüe"(《摩尼光佛法仪略》)in Dunhuang.The Manichean"Moyan"and"Manyan"were borrowed from the buddhist"Mrs.Moye",and"Jingjiao"in turn borrowed this name from Manicheanism.