什叶派乌里玛与伊朗伊斯兰政权的演进

Shiite Ulama and the Evolution of Islamic Regime in Iran

1502年什叶派伊斯兰教的国教化奠定了伊朗此后政教关系的基调,什叶派乌里玛力量的增强成为伊朗历史发展的一大趋势。1979年的伊斯兰革命导致伊朗建立政教合一的伊斯兰政权,什叶派乌里玛前所未有地成为国家的主导者。他们践行"教法学家统治"的思想,创建了法基赫制,并使自身快速官僚化。1989年后,哈梅内伊一方面动用国家资源,确立了宗教权威;另一方面,他对经学院和乌里玛进行强有力管理,实现了宗教体制和伊斯兰政权的高度一体化。什叶派乌里玛国家治理能力的不足使得伊斯兰政权陷入严重的合法性危机,也使得自身遭遇了历史上空前的形象危机。尽管如此,伊斯兰政权以乌里玛为中介,以宗教网络为基础,牢固扎根于伊朗社会,依然具有较强的生命力。当前,领袖权力的交接既面临着巨大的风险,也可能成为伊朗重大变革的契机。

Shiite nationalization in 1501 laid the keynote of Iran’s political and religious relations.Since then,the strengthening of Shiite Ulima became a major trend in Iran’s historical development.The Islamic Revolution of 1979 led to the establishment of the Islamic regime in Iran,and Shiite Ulama became the leader of the country unprecedentedly.They practiced the idea of “rule by jurists”,created the Faqih system,and made themselves bureaucratized rapidly.After 1989,Khamenei,on the one hand,used national resources to establish his religious authority;on the other hand,he managed the Seminaries and Ulama forcefully,and realized a high degree of integration of religious system and Islamic regime.The insufficiency of Shiite Ulama’s governing ability has plunged the Islamic regime into a serious crisis of legitimacy,and also made itself encounter an unprecedented image crisis in history.Nevertheless,the Islamic regime,with Ulama as its intermediary,based on religious networks and firmly rooted in Iranian society,still has strong vitality.At present,the handover of leaders is faced with great risks and may also become an opportunity for major changes in Iran.