自然地理视角中国乡村聚落研究动态

Research dynamic of rural settlements in China:a natural geographic environment perspective

自然地理环境是制约人类生产和生活的核心要素,乡村聚落的形成与发展无疑受其深刻影响。全面梳理我国地貌、水文、气候等自然地理要素与村落建设之关联性,发现:(1)地貌对聚落的影响主要体现在高程和坡度上。我国东部地区以平原为主,聚落分布密且整合,中部地区多为山地和盆地地区,聚落密度不高且易受自然灾害影响,而在海拔较高的西部地区聚落更为稀少;(2)水文条件的影响主要源于人类对水源的需求,聚落选址基本在水源区附近。我国东部沿海及西南地区等湿润和半湿润区受其影响较小,西北内陆干旱区和半干旱区则表现出极强的水源地趋向性,降水量也会影响聚落建筑的形式;(3)气候条件主要通过温度、湿度、日照等因素综合作用,导致不同气候区聚落的建筑单体和内部结构特点不一。最后通过探讨自然地理因素对聚落建设影响机制,提出在社会主义新农村建设和快速城市化背景下,未来中国乡村聚落建设过程中应该关注自然地理要素利用方式以及相关领域的研究。

The natural geographic environment is a key element that controls human production and life. The formation and development of rural settlements are undoubtedly influenced by these elements. In this study, we investigate the correlations between natural geography elements such as landforms, hydrology, climate, and village construction, and found that:(1) the influence of landforms on settlements is mainly reflected in elevation and slope. The eastern part of China is dominated by plains, with an intensive and integrated distribution of settlements. Most of the central areas consist of mountains and basins and the settlement density is not as intensive and is vulnerable to natural disasters, while settlements at the higher elevations are less dense. Settlements are rare in western China due to the high altitude;(2) the impact of hydrological conditions is mainly due to human demand for water resources, and the locations of settlements are near water resources. The humid and semi-humid regions in the eastern coastal and the southwest regions of China are less affected by water needs. The arid and semi-arid regions in the northwest inland areas receive high rainfall land this precipitation affects the types of settlement buildings;(3) the key climatic conditions are temperature, humidity and sunshine, as well as other factors, which result in differing architectural elements and internal structural characteristics, depending on climatic zones. With China’s new socialist countryside construction and rapid urbanization, investigating the influencing mechanisms of natural geographical features on settlement construction is an important future rural settlement research need. Our findings suggest that China should focus on the natural geographic factors when planning these rural settlements.