自我谈话干预改善精英运动员目标认同的个案研究

Using self-talk intervention to improve goal identification:A Case study of elite athlete

自我谈话是影响运动员目标认同的重要认知路径。对1位国际级运动健将进行为期26个月的追踪研究。对运动员"制定-认同-调整-再认同-实现目标"的全过程进行自我谈话干预。日常干预以半结构式访谈方式进行,通过情境提问诱发运动员关于目标的自发性自我谈话,帮助运动员不断明确目标内容,巩固目标内化;赛前干预以自我谈话结合表象训练,形成自我监控的外部视角;赛后干预以自我谈话促进对目标的反思和调整。基于对研究中自我谈话记录的主题归纳提出:与直接改善动作表现相比,自我谈话干预改善运动员目标认同需要一个较为长期的过程,其产生作用的关键并非自我谈话内容或形式的正确,而在于将外在目标通过自我谈话进行内化。心理训练有助于运动员形成明确目标、内化目标、增强对目标的控制,进而助其对目标形成深度认同,激发动机和潜能,实现竞技水平的提升。

Self-talk is an important cognitive path that affects the goal identification of athletes.A 26-month longitudinal case study of an international athlete was conducted using self-talk interventions.Self-talk intervention is carried out in the whole process of making-identifying-adjusting-identifying-achieving the goal.The routine intervention was conducted by semi-structured interview,and the athletes’ spontaneous self-talk about the goal was induced by situational questions,so as to help the athletes make clear the content of the goal and consolidate the goal internalization;Pre-competition intervention combines self-talk with imagery training to form an external perspective of self-monitoring;After the game,the intervention promotes the reflection and adjustment of the goal by self-talk.Based on the analysis of the subjects of self-talk recording in the study,it is concluded that:compared with direct improvement of motor performance,self-talk intervention needs a longer process to improve athletes’goal identification.The key to its effect is not the correctness of the content or form of self-talk,but the internalization of external goals through self-talk.Psychological training is helpful for athletes to form a clear goal,internalize the goal,strengthen the goal control of self-talk,and then help them to form a deep recognition of the goal,stimulate motivation and potential,to achieve the improvement of competitive level.