反康德主义者眼中的康德

Kant for Anti-Kantians

我认为每一种伦理学研究方法或者伦理学理论都应该吸收康德学派的思想,因此,我们所有人都不得不或应该承认,我们受到了康德的创新性的影响,且在许多领域都受到了他清晰的历史观和概念性的道德观的影响。我将要从康德绝对命令和假言命令之间的区别展开讨论,我认为康德是第一位以某种明确的方式来阐述这两者之间区别的哲学家。我将要讨论das Gute(good,善)和das Wohl(well,福)之间的区别,我相信二者的区别使康德有效地发现了“事物的善的状态”这种观点,或至少第一次清楚地认识到了那种观点的含义。我还会讨论,康德对道德内在特性的强调,何以能为美德伦理学和关怀伦理学提供重要启示,甚至也能对结果主义产生影响(尽管较少),因为适当地关注康德就内在生活所说的一切能帮助结果主义者形成并区分他们自己那些自相矛盾的观点。

I think every kind of approach to ethics or ethical theory ought to accept Kant.We all have or should recognize a debt to Kant's innovations and in many areas,his clarity of historical and conceptual moral vision.I am going to begin by talking of the distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives,which I think Kant was first to draw in any explicit way.I am going to proceed to discuss Kant's distinction between das Gute and das Wohl,a distinction that I believe effectively makes Kant the discoverer of the idea of a good state of affairs,or at least the first to be really clear about the implications of that area.And I am going also to talk about how Kant's distinctive emphasis on the inner character of morality contains important lessons for virtue ethicist and care ethicist,and may even have something,though less,to say to consequentialists,since a proper attention to what Kant is saying about the inner life can help consequentialists to sharpen and differentiate their own contrary views.