情感在康德道德哲学中的角色和作用

The Roles and Functions of Feelings in Kant’s Moral Philosophy

情感问题是康德道德哲学中一个既重要又常常被忽略的问题,本文致力于对康德道德哲学中的情感进行一个全面的挖掘、整理和阐释,并为情感在康德道德哲学中的角色给出一个合理的定位。基于康德道德哲学发展的内在逻辑,康德道德哲学可以划分为四个阶段,即道德形而上学的酝酿阶段、奠基阶段、完成阶段和“应用及扩展”阶段。在酝酿阶段,康德的道德哲学尚未成熟,哈奇森和卢梭先后对康德产生了巨大的影响。后面三个阶段都属于成熟阶段,在其中的每一个阶段里,康德道德哲学的目标各不相同,与此相应,每个阶段都有一种主要类型的情感被突出出来,服务于该阶段的目标。与此相应,成熟时期的康德道德哲学中有三类情感,即作为动机的道德情感、支持性的道德情感和道德目的论下的非道德情感。作为动机的道德情感主要是敬重感;支持性的道德情感包含良知、爱、同情和友谊;而道德目的论下的非道德情感又包含三类:其一为本身与道德情感相类似的非道德情感,比如审美情感和宗教上的虔敬;其二为本身具有两面性的非道德情感,比如荣誉感;其三是本身在道德上为负面的非道德情感,比如权力欲和激情。

This article is an abbreviation and rewriting of the author s PhD Dissertation“Research on the Issues of Feeling in Kant's Moral Philosophy”under the guidance of Professor Deng Xiaomang.The issue of feeling is an important and often overlooked issue in Kant's moral philosophy.The author is committed to a comprehensive excavation,arrangement and interpretation of feelings,and gives a reasonable position for the role of feeling in Kant's moral philosophy.Based on the inherent logic of the development of Kant's moral philosophy,the author divides Kant's moral philosophy into four stages,namely,the preaparation,the foundation,the completion and the use and extension of moral metaphysics.In the stage of preparation,Kant's moral thoughts are not yet mature,and were greatly influenced by Hutchison and Rousseau Successively.The last three stages are all mature stages.In each of these stages,the goals of Kant's moral philosophy are different.Correspondingly,each stage has a major type of feeling highlighted and serves the goal of that stage.In this way,we found three types of feelings in Kant's moral philosophy during the mature period,that is,the moral feeling as an incentive in the foundation stage,the supportive moral feelings in the completion stage,and the non-moral feelings under the moral teleology in the use and expansion stage.The moral feeling as an incentive is mainly a sense of respect.The supportive moral feelings include conscience,love,compassion and friendship.The non-moral feelings under the moral teleology include three kinds:The first is the non-moral feelings that are similar to moral feelings,such as aesthetic feeling and godliness.The second is the non-moral feelings with two sides,such as a sense of honor.The third is the non-moral feelings that are morally negative in themselves,such as the desire for power and passion.