福建气候条件下菜用大豆杂交方法研究

Hybridization of Vegetable Soybean Designed for Climatic Conditions in Fujian

【目的】为探索提高福建气候条件下杂交成功率的有效方法,加快我省菜用大豆育种效率,为菜用大豆育种提供参考依据。【方法】通过在福建秋季非雨天配制杂交组合试验,选择不同时间的花蕾、萼片保留方法、不同授粉时间段等9个处理,每个处理3个组合,研究对菜用大豆杂交成活率和成功率的影响。【结果】选择始花期的前3 d花蕾去雄授粉,可显著或极显著提高菜用大豆杂交成活率,分别比第5 d提高了11.34%、12.00%、8.67%,同时真杂种率在90%以上;保留萼片有效地保护了雌蕊柱头及幼荚,使菜用大豆杂交成活率提高了5.34%,真杂种率达97.92%;去雄后次日授粉有利于提高杂交的成活率,比上午去雄即授粉提高了21.34%。【结论】福建气候条件下提高菜用大豆杂交成功率的综合技术方法是:秋季高畦双行播种,父母本相邻播种并连续播种7 d,其中父本提前5 d开始播种;非雨天配制杂交组合;选择始花期的前3 d的花蕾,去除2个萼片保留3个萼片,去除全部花瓣和雄蕊,下午进行花蕾处理,次日上午6∶00～8∶00授粉;整个生长期精细管理。

【Objective】To improve the success rate in crossing,expedite the hybridization process,and provide information for future reference on the vegetable soybean breeding program specifically designed for the climatic conditions of Fujian Province.【Method】An experimentation employing 9 variations on floral budding time,sepals retention and pollination period with 3 combinations of soybean varieties for each hybridization treatment was conducted on rain-free autumn days.【Result】(1)Conducting emasculation and pollination on buds within the first 3 days in the initial flowering stage significantly or extremely significantly improved the survival rates of the hybrid.The rates were 11.34%higher on the 1 st day,12.00%on the 2 nd day and 8.67%on the 3 rd day than on the 5 th day buds.The true hybridization obtained was greater than 90%.(2)Retaining sepals on the buds effectively protected the pistil stigmas and young pods,as well as rendered a hybrid survival rate of 5.34%and a true hybridization rate of 97.92%.And,(3)Performing pollination the day after emasculation resulted in a 21.34%higher hybrid survival rate than if the pollination was carried out in the same morning.【Conclusion】The recommended hybridization procedures were,therefore,to sow seeds in double rows with the parents adjacent to each other and the father sowed 5 days in advance for 7 days in autumn,utilize buds no later than 3 days after flowering,cross under rain-free condition,remove two and retain 3 sepals on a bud,eliminate all flowers,treat the petals and stamens in the afternoon,perform pollination between 6:00 to 8:00 a.m.on the day after emasculation,and handle with care during the entire growth period.