机械装备螺栓连接状态测试技术研究现状

Research Status of Testing Technology for Bolted State of Mechanical Equipment

螺栓连接广泛存在于航空航天结构中,结构的连接状态直接关系到设备的安全性和功能性。航空飞行器在服役过程中面临着振动、冲击等多种极端环境,最终会导致栓接结合部出现松脱、滑移等现象,因此对结构的连接状态进行监测具有重要意义。主要综述了螺栓连接状态测试技术的研究现状及其测试原理。首先,对螺栓连接状态机理的研究现状进行了分析,主要内容包括结合面细微观机理和结构非线性动力学理论。然后,介绍了传统的螺栓连接状态直接测量技术,并分析了其测量精度不足和应用局限性等问题。最后,综述了各类基于响应信号的螺栓连接状态测试技术的原理,包括振动信号分析法、机电阻抗法、声弹性效应法、超声波能量法、光栅光纤传感器法,并分析了其优缺点和适用范围,指出了其发展方向。

Bolt connection is widely applied in aerospace structures. The bolted state of the structure is directly related to the safety and functionality of the equipment. The aircraft is faced with a variety of extreme environments such as vibration and impact in service, which will eventually lead to the phenomena of loose and slip of the bolted joints. Therefore, it is of great significance to monitor the connection state of the structure. This paper mainly reviews the research status and testing principle of bolt connection state testing technology. Firstly, the research status of bolted state mechanism is analyzed, which mainly includes the theory of joint surface microscopic characteristics and the theory of structural nonlinear dynamics. Then, the traditional direct measurement techniques of the bolted state are introduced, and its measurement accuracy and application limitation are analyzed. Finally, the principles of various types of the bolted state testing technologies based on response signals are reviewed, including vibration signal analysis method, electromechanical impedance method, acoustic elastic effect method, ultrasonic energy method and FBG sensor method. Their advantages, disadvantages and application range of the method are analyzed and the development direction is pointed out.