胎盘外泌体与妊娠及其并发症的研究进展

Placenta Exosomes, Pregnancy and Complications

细胞产生的细胞外纳米泡称为外泌体(exosome),在组织微环境间传递信息。外泌体是纳米大小的、直径为30～100 nm的微型囊泡,由细胞以可控的方式释放介导多种细胞外和细胞间活动。外泌体的主要功能包括细胞间通讯、免疫调节、细胞外基质周转、干细胞分裂或分化、新生血管形成和细胞废物清除,从而促进机体正常的生理和病理过程。外泌体可以携带多种生物活性因子(蛋白质、RNA和脂质等),广泛存在于外周血、乳汁、尿液、唾液、腹水和羊水等体液中。母体血浆中胎盘来源外泌体的浓度在妊娠期间逐渐增加,在正常胎盘发育和母体免疫耐受中发挥作用;外泌体的生物学变化与妊娠并发症有关,如子痫前期、胎儿生长受限,有助于研发妊娠并发症风险妇女的早期诊断技术、监测治疗反应或可能研发外泌体靶向治疗。综述外泌体与妊娠及其并发症之间的关系进展。

Cells produce exosomes, a kind of extracellular nanobubbles, which transmit information in tissue microenvironments. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles, with diameter of 30-100 nm, that are released by cells in a controlled manner and that participate in extracellular and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include intercellular communication, immune regulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, angiogenesis and cell waste removal, promoting normal and pathological processes. The exosome can carry a variety of bioactive factors (proteins, RNA, lipids, etc.) and widely exists in peripheral blood, milk, urine, saliva, ascites, amniotic fluid and other body fluids. The exosome from placenta in maternal plasma is generally increased following pregnancy, which plays important roles in the placenta development and maternal immune tolerance. The biological changes of placental exosome would be related with pregnant complications such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. The study on placenta exosome may be helpful for developing early diagnosis in pregnant women with high risks of pregnant complications, monitoring therapy response, and finding new therapy targets of exosomes. In this paper, we discuss the exosomes and its potential relationships with pregnancy and pregnant complications.