对大航海时代西方国家海洋战略的一点思考

Some Thoughts on the Marine Strategy of Western Countries in the Age of Great Navigation

大航海时代是地理大发现、航海大发展的时代。自古以来,陆上丝绸之路、海上丝绸之路是东西方交往的重要通道,海上丝绸之路更具优势。经济贸易的需要推动了航海时代的来临。中西海外贸易相互依赖,海洋政策相互影响。15世纪以后,葡萄牙、荷兰和英国等海洋型国家、西班牙和法国等陆海型国家发展海洋战略,并转型升级。其成功经验主要包括:自觉的海洋意识和海洋战略选择,创新经济组织和各项制度,大力发展并保护本国造船业,高度重视海军建设,建立完善的国内工业体系,等等。这些西方国家先后成为海上强国、海上霸主或海洋帝国,但之后走向没落,其教训主要有:王室贵族占有财富而忽视发展本国工业和改善人民生活,忽视海上军事力量的建设,忽视工业革命(或第二次工业革命),醉心于霸权的争夺或宗教争端而消耗国力,等等。

The age of great sailing is the age of great geographical discovery and great development of navigation.Since ancient times,the land Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road have been an important channel for the exchanges between the east and the west,and the Maritime Silk Road is more advantageous.The need for economic and trade has pushed forward the arrival of the sailing age.The overseas trade between China and the west is interdependent,and the ocean policy affects each other.After the 15th century,the maritime countries such as Portugal,the Netherlands and the United Kingdom,as well as the land-based countries such as Spain and France,developed and upgraded their marine strategies.Its successful experiences mainly include:conscious ocean consciousness and marine strategic choice,innovating economic organization and various systems,vigorously developing and protecting the domestic shipbuilding industry,attaching great importance to naval construction,establishing a perfect domestic industrial system,etc.These western countries have successively become maritime powers,maritime overlords or maritime empires,but they have declined one by one.The main lessons were:the royal aristocrats took possession of wealth and neglected to develop their own industries and improve the lives of the people,ignoring the building of military power at sea,ignoring the industrial revolution(or the 2nd industrial revolution),indulging in hegemony or religious disputes and consuming national power,etc.